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<p>The concentration of heavy metals such as copper is an important variable to be monitored for water quality. Spectrophotometry is generally used for this purpose, which requires the transport of samples and complex equipment. As an alternative way to monitor copper concentration in water, this study investigates the relationship between variation in copper concentration in water and resonance frequency based on the reflection coefficient of three different types of proposed sensors. The paper proposes sensors that use a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) to improve their sensitivity and analyzes the influence of the shape and topology on the frequency shift results using three prototypes of each shape. A vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to measure the response of the reflection coefficient of each prototype. The resonance frequencies were identified, and the frequency shift values of each prototype were calculated. The results indicate that all proposed topologies are suitable for copper sensing in aqueous media. A linear model is presented with a minimum <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.95, and the resolution of each prototype was calculated, where the lowest copper-sensing resolution achieved 694.2&#xa0;µg/L/MHz, and the highest 96.96&#xa0;µg/L/MHz.</p>

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Comparative Study of Meta-Inspired Copper-Sensing Device for Water Body Monitoring

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月9日

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  • Jorge A. I. Araujo,
  • Mateus H. A. M. Melo,
  • Samanta M. Holanda,
  • Ingryd K. C. Melo,
  • Leonardo O. de Sousa,
  • Nickson S. O. Lopes,
  • Bruna L. Souza,
  • Isaac B. T. Silva

摘要

The concentration of heavy metals such as copper is an important variable to be monitored for water quality. Spectrophotometry is generally used for this purpose, which requires the transport of samples and complex equipment. As an alternative way to monitor copper concentration in water, this study investigates the relationship between variation in copper concentration in water and resonance frequency based on the reflection coefficient of three different types of proposed sensors. The paper proposes sensors that use a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) to improve their sensitivity and analyzes the influence of the shape and topology on the frequency shift results using three prototypes of each shape. A vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to measure the response of the reflection coefficient of each prototype. The resonance frequencies were identified, and the frequency shift values of each prototype were calculated. The results indicate that all proposed topologies are suitable for copper sensing in aqueous media. A linear model is presented with a minimum R2 of 0.95, and the resolution of each prototype was calculated, where the lowest copper-sensing resolution achieved 694.2 µg/L/MHz, and the highest 96.96 µg/L/MHz.