State-of-the-Art Hydrogen Gas Sensors: From Fundamentals to Applications

Hydrogen detection (H₂) has become a crucial concern in various industrial and environmental scenarios due to its explosive and highly flammable nature. Recently, there has been a notable focus on sensors based on nanomaterials, owing to their remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and stability when detecting H₂. This article offers an all-encompassing outline of the present cutting-edge status of hydrogen sensors utilizing nanomaterials, particularly concentrating on metal oxides like SnO₂, ZnO, TiO₂, WO₃, NiO, In₂O₃, and a wide range of other materials. Special attention is paid to exploring the mechanisms involved in hydrogen detection. Furthermore, the review includes a thorough evaluation of the obstacles and possibilities associated with designing and fabricating nanomaterial-driven hydrogen sensors with exceptional performance. The review concludes by highlighting that nanomaterial-based sensors could bring about a revolutionary shift in the realm of hydrogen detection.