Improving the Morphological, Structural, and Electro-Optical Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells Through Anti-solvent Treatment

Metal-halide perovskite semiconductors have emerged as promising materials for the next generation of solution-processed photovoltaic devices. Controlling the morphology of perovskite films is essential for achieving high device performance. Various methods have been developed to address this, including interface engineering, anti-solvent engineering, additive-assisted deposition, and vacuum treatment. Among these, anti-solvent engineering is one of the most widely utilized techniques in one-step deposition processes to produce high-quality perovskite films. In this study, we report the impact of anti-solvent on the morphological, structural, optical, chemical composition, and electrical properties of a fabricated ITO/ \({\text{TiO}}_{2}\) ${\text{TiO}}_2$ /perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au device. The obtained results clearly indicate that device performance was significantly improved through the use of an anti-solvent during the deposition of the perovskite layer. This improvement is attributed to the formation of a homogeneous perovskite layer, free of pinholes, with a smoother surface and enhanced crystallinity. Therefore, using an anti-solvent-assisted one-step spin-coating approach can yield a high-quality perovskite layer with high efficiency.