Effects of Metal Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine on Perovskite Solar Cells

Metal phthalocyanine (MPc) and naphthalocyanine (MNc) as hole-transport materials have the advantage of applying perovskite solar cells with excellent chemical stability. The purpose of this study is to fabricate and characterize perovskite solar cells using MPc and MNc as hole-transporting layers to improve their photovoltaic performance and stability. The effects of MPc and MNc on the photovoltaic properties and stability, crystallinity, surface morphology, and electronic structures have been investigated. The incorporation of nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) as surface passivation supported the crystal growth and uniform film formation in the perovskite layer, yielding stability of performance. The photovoltaic mechanism has been discussed with the energy diagram of perovskite solar cells using an NiPc layer. The insertion of NiPc optimized the energy levels near the highest occupied molecular orbital while adjusting the valence band levels of the perovskite crystals, supporting charge-transfer from the perovskite crystal to the hole-transporting layer.