Recent Advances in Metal–Organic Framework Electrode Materials for all-Metal-Ion Batteries

This study presents a collective review of the latest developments in the application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in various metal-ion batteries (MIBs), including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and multivalent-ion batteries, from 2015 to 2023. First, the types of MOFs, standard fabrication methods, and electrochemical properties required for building efficient batteries are discussed. Next, MOFs suitable for specific MIBs and their electrode features, underlying mechanisms, and device performance are discussed. ZIF-8, UiO-66, and MIL-101 are primarily studied in LIBs, while Na₂Zn₂(BDC)₂(DMF)₂ and MIL-101 are the main MOFs examined as cathode materials in SIBs due to their structural stability and favorable ion diffusion characteristics. However, MOFs are limited in magnesium- and aluminum-ion batteries due to the complex electrochemical redox reactions and interfacial stability issues involved. MOFs based on Fe, Mn, and Li show potential as cathodes, and MOF-derived carbon anodes are commonly used in all MIBs. The article further explores the three-dimensional (3D) electrode structure of MOFs, which favors faster ion diffusion within the electrolyte and external electron transport. MOF use in all-metal batteries still needs to be explored, and the article highlights the complexities involved.