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Abstract <p>Limited by converter smelting environments and monitoring technologies, process information analysis remains challenging, particularly regarding the formation and state characteristics of emulsified slag. In this study, slag samples were collected at four key blowing stages (3, 7, 11 minutes and the endpoint). Multiple characterization techniques were applied to systematically analyze the chemical composition changes, precipitated phase compositions, microscopic morphology, and three-dimensional distribution characteristics of steel droplets and gas pores in slag at each stage. The results show that the slag morphology exhibits significant stage-dependent differences, mainly manifested in steel droplets and gas pores state variations caused by different decarburization rates. The precipitated phases of slag at all blowing stages can be classified into phase A (phosphorus-rich phase), phase B (matrix phase), and phase C (iron-rich phase). Among them, the phosphorus-rich phase <i>n</i>Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>·Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> first increases and then stabilizes; the precipitates in the matrix phase change from silicate olivine in the early stage to calcium–iron oxides; the oxides precipitated in the iron-rich phase are continuously enriched. Steel droplets and gas pores in emulsified slag exhibit different regular characteristics at each blowing stage. Steel droplet volume fraction peaks at 7.14 pct at 7 minutes, with number density reaching 11.05 mm<sup>−3</sup> at 11 minutes, and their size distribution conforms to the Rosin–Rammler–Sperling function (<i>n</i> = 1.95 to 2.25). With the progress of blowing, gas pores evolve from interconnected structures to isolated micropores, with volume fraction decreasing from 53.75 to 3.78 pct, closely correlating with decarburization rate. Pore distribution also fits the RRS function (<i>n</i> = 1.84 to 3.06) when using cumulative volume fraction <i>R</i><sub>V</sub>. This study reveals the phase compositions of slag and the distribution characteristics of steel droplets and gas pores during converter blowing, providing critical data and theoretical support for converter process optimization and steelmaking “black box” analysis.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Analysis of the Evolution Law of Slag Morphology, Phase, Steel Droplet, and Pore Distribution Characteristics During Converter Blowing Process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Tongze Xin,
  • Min Wang,
  • Fuchun Duan,
  • Lidong Xing,
  • Yanping Bao,
  • Xingang Ai

摘要

Abstract

Limited by converter smelting environments and monitoring technologies, process information analysis remains challenging, particularly regarding the formation and state characteristics of emulsified slag. In this study, slag samples were collected at four key blowing stages (3, 7, 11 minutes and the endpoint). Multiple characterization techniques were applied to systematically analyze the chemical composition changes, precipitated phase compositions, microscopic morphology, and three-dimensional distribution characteristics of steel droplets and gas pores in slag at each stage. The results show that the slag morphology exhibits significant stage-dependent differences, mainly manifested in steel droplets and gas pores state variations caused by different decarburization rates. The precipitated phases of slag at all blowing stages can be classified into phase A (phosphorus-rich phase), phase B (matrix phase), and phase C (iron-rich phase). Among them, the phosphorus-rich phase nCa2SiO4·Ca3(PO4)2 first increases and then stabilizes; the precipitates in the matrix phase change from silicate olivine in the early stage to calcium–iron oxides; the oxides precipitated in the iron-rich phase are continuously enriched. Steel droplets and gas pores in emulsified slag exhibit different regular characteristics at each blowing stage. Steel droplet volume fraction peaks at 7.14 pct at 7 minutes, with number density reaching 11.05 mm−3 at 11 minutes, and their size distribution conforms to the Rosin–Rammler–Sperling function (n = 1.95 to 2.25). With the progress of blowing, gas pores evolve from interconnected structures to isolated micropores, with volume fraction decreasing from 53.75 to 3.78 pct, closely correlating with decarburization rate. Pore distribution also fits the RRS function (n = 1.84 to 3.06) when using cumulative volume fraction RV. This study reveals the phase compositions of slag and the distribution characteristics of steel droplets and gas pores during converter blowing, providing critical data and theoretical support for converter process optimization and steelmaking “black box” analysis.

Graphical Abstract