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<p>Given the limited space between the immersion snorkels in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) vacuum refining furnace, conventional electromagnetic stirring (EMS) coils cannot be installed around the up-leg snorkel. To overcome this constraint, this study proposes and designs a U-shaped EMS apparatus capable of regulating bubble swarm behavior within the up-leg snorkel through externally applied magnetic fields. A comprehensive numerical model incorporating all essential physics; including Maxwell electromagnetic fields, gas–liquid two-phase flow, and bubble size evolution, was established. The Lorentz force was embedded in the momentum equation to examine the influence of current intensity and frequency on turbulent dissipation, as well as bubble breakup and coalescence dynamics. Numerical results show the peak turbulent dissipation shifts toward the bubble formation zone at the snorkel bottom, significantly enhancing collision frequency, wake vortex capture, and buoyancy under high current situation. This promotes the breakup of coarse bubbles while suppressing excessive coalescence. The proportion of fine bubbles increases markedly from 0.32 (no EMS) to 0.62 and 0.78 when the current is raised to 200 and 300 A, respectively. Under 200 A and 10 Hz, medium-sized bubbles (<i>i.e.</i>, 6.6 to 9.8 mm) dominate, while coarse bubbles become minimal, forming an optimized bubble size distribution with a high specific interfacial area and favorable flow characteristics. These findings provide mechanistic grounding for EMS parameter optimization in RH vacuum refining.</p>

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Mechanistic Insights into Bubble Swarm Modulation by U-Shaped Electromagnetic Stirring in Ruhrstahl–Heraeus Refining

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Deqiang Li,
  • Lang Deng,
  • Fengsheng Qi,
  • Yu Li,
  • Jin Gao,
  • Yue Sun,
  • Zhongqiu Liu,
  • Baokuan Li

摘要

Given the limited space between the immersion snorkels in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) vacuum refining furnace, conventional electromagnetic stirring (EMS) coils cannot be installed around the up-leg snorkel. To overcome this constraint, this study proposes and designs a U-shaped EMS apparatus capable of regulating bubble swarm behavior within the up-leg snorkel through externally applied magnetic fields. A comprehensive numerical model incorporating all essential physics; including Maxwell electromagnetic fields, gas–liquid two-phase flow, and bubble size evolution, was established. The Lorentz force was embedded in the momentum equation to examine the influence of current intensity and frequency on turbulent dissipation, as well as bubble breakup and coalescence dynamics. Numerical results show the peak turbulent dissipation shifts toward the bubble formation zone at the snorkel bottom, significantly enhancing collision frequency, wake vortex capture, and buoyancy under high current situation. This promotes the breakup of coarse bubbles while suppressing excessive coalescence. The proportion of fine bubbles increases markedly from 0.32 (no EMS) to 0.62 and 0.78 when the current is raised to 200 and 300 A, respectively. Under 200 A and 10 Hz, medium-sized bubbles (i.e., 6.6 to 9.8 mm) dominate, while coarse bubbles become minimal, forming an optimized bubble size distribution with a high specific interfacial area and favorable flow characteristics. These findings provide mechanistic grounding for EMS parameter optimization in RH vacuum refining.