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<p>In high-temperature smelting, the thermal stability of slag-defined as its integrated ability to maintain stable physicochemical properties under temperature fluctuations—is essential for process continuity, energy efficiency, refractory protection, and subsequent utilization. However, the multicomponent and multiphase nature of slag leads to complex thermochemical responses, and no unified evaluation framework currently exists. This review summarizes the major indicators used to assess slag thermal stability and clarifies their applicability and limitations. Key factors affecting stability, including chemical composition, phase evolution, microstructural features, and operating conditions, are critically examined. Strategies for improving slag thermal stability are further discussed from the viewpoints of component design, process optimization, advanced characterization, predictive modeling, and functional utilization. The aim is to provide a clearer conceptual basis and practical guidance for enhancing slag performance in high-temperature metallurgical systems.</p>

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Current Advances in Understanding the Thermal Stability of Metallurgical Slags

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • Xiaoyue Fan,
  • Jianliang Zhang,
  • Yanbing Zong,
  • Kexin Jiao,
  • Yijian Zhang,
  • Hongzhen Wu

摘要

In high-temperature smelting, the thermal stability of slag-defined as its integrated ability to maintain stable physicochemical properties under temperature fluctuations—is essential for process continuity, energy efficiency, refractory protection, and subsequent utilization. However, the multicomponent and multiphase nature of slag leads to complex thermochemical responses, and no unified evaluation framework currently exists. This review summarizes the major indicators used to assess slag thermal stability and clarifies their applicability and limitations. Key factors affecting stability, including chemical composition, phase evolution, microstructural features, and operating conditions, are critically examined. Strategies for improving slag thermal stability are further discussed from the viewpoints of component design, process optimization, advanced characterization, predictive modeling, and functional utilization. The aim is to provide a clearer conceptual basis and practical guidance for enhancing slag performance in high-temperature metallurgical systems.