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<p>Most global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in steelmaking stem from the coke-intensive blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route, compared to the direct reduced iron-electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) route. However, EAFs are not preferred for processing BF-grade DRI due to their high slag generation and significant energy consumption. This highlights a pressing demand for innovative low-carbon technologies within the BF-BOF framework. In this context, ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) emerges as a promising iron ore reductant, offering a safer and more transportable alternative to hydrogen. This study highlights the experimental, kinetic, and thermodynamic assessment of NH<sub>3</sub>&#xa0;and coke-assisted reduction of iron ore pellets. Experimental and kinetic studies reveal that a metallization of 99&#xa0;pct is achieved at 1100&#xa0;°C after 2&#xa0;h of reduction, and the rate-controlled step shifted from nucleation to a 1st order chemical reaction. A classical thermodynamic-based BF model developed using the FactSage macro tool achieved a satisfactory comparison between the calculations and plant data. The model results revealed that charging 100&#xa0;kg of NH<sub>3</sub>-reduced iron pellet per ton of hot metal (tHM) lead to a reduction in coke rate and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 18.29 and 12.45&#xa0;kg per tHM produced, justifying NH<sub>3</sub> as an effective partial replacement of coke for iron ore reduction.</p>

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Pre-reduction of Iron Ore with Ammonia and Its Utilization to Reduce Coke Rate and CO2 Emission in the Blast Furnace

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月24日

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  • Prasenjit Singha,
  • Kasireddi Pavan Kalyan,
  • D. K. Murali,
  • Manas Paliwal

摘要

Most global CO2 emissions in steelmaking stem from the coke-intensive blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route, compared to the direct reduced iron-electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) route. However, EAFs are not preferred for processing BF-grade DRI due to their high slag generation and significant energy consumption. This highlights a pressing demand for innovative low-carbon technologies within the BF-BOF framework. In this context, ammonia (NH3) emerges as a promising iron ore reductant, offering a safer and more transportable alternative to hydrogen. This study highlights the experimental, kinetic, and thermodynamic assessment of NH3 and coke-assisted reduction of iron ore pellets. Experimental and kinetic studies reveal that a metallization of 99 pct is achieved at 1100 °C after 2 h of reduction, and the rate-controlled step shifted from nucleation to a 1st order chemical reaction. A classical thermodynamic-based BF model developed using the FactSage macro tool achieved a satisfactory comparison between the calculations and plant data. The model results revealed that charging 100 kg of NH3-reduced iron pellet per ton of hot metal (tHM) lead to a reduction in coke rate and CO2 emissions by 18.29 and 12.45 kg per tHM produced, justifying NH3 as an effective partial replacement of coke for iron ore reduction.