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<p>The impact of an intense gas jet on the surface of a liquid metal bath is investigated by means of laboratory-scale model experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The experimental setup comprises a vessel with two tons of Sn40wt&#xa0;pct Bi alloy, which is agitated by the impinging jet from a sonic nozzle (Ma&#xa0;=&#xa0;1.00) and a supersonic nozzle (Ma&#xa0;=&#xa0;1.85) vertically aligned at different heights above the center of the fluid bath. Video equipment and lighting systems are installed on the lid of the fluid container, which enable direct observation of the dynamics of the bath surface, its instabilities and decomposition into drops, splashes, and larger intricate ligaments. The magnitude and dynamics of the disturbance of the bath surface and the ejection of liquid elements increase with the intensity of the gas jet, <i>i.e.,</i> by increasing the nozzle outlet velocity and by reducing the distance between nozzle and bath level. The experiments show that the high momentum introduced by the gas jet causes deep, oscillating cavities as well as large-scale movement in the liquid metal bath. On the numerical side, the experimental setup was approximated by the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations based on the transition shear-stress transport (SST) turbulence model and the volume of fluid (VoF) model to represent the two-phase flow between the liquid metal and gas. The numerical model is able to represent fundamental flow phenomena, such as the penetration of the gas jet, the movement of the gas-metal interface, the size of the induced surface area, and typical drop sizes. Furthermore, the effect of the nozzle inclination to a 45&#xa0;deg angle is examined. The comparison between experimental and numerical observations shows a very good qualitative agreement.</p>

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Physical and Numerical Simulation of Supersonic Gas Jets Blown onto a Liquid Sn40Wt Pct Bi Alloy Surface

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月10日

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  • B. Willers,
  • T. Wondrak,
  • K. Timmel,
  • S. Eckert,
  • F. Diaz,
  • M. Kalisch,
  • M. A. Reuter,
  • H.-J. Odenthal

摘要

The impact of an intense gas jet on the surface of a liquid metal bath is investigated by means of laboratory-scale model experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The experimental setup comprises a vessel with two tons of Sn40wt pct Bi alloy, which is agitated by the impinging jet from a sonic nozzle (Ma = 1.00) and a supersonic nozzle (Ma = 1.85) vertically aligned at different heights above the center of the fluid bath. Video equipment and lighting systems are installed on the lid of the fluid container, which enable direct observation of the dynamics of the bath surface, its instabilities and decomposition into drops, splashes, and larger intricate ligaments. The magnitude and dynamics of the disturbance of the bath surface and the ejection of liquid elements increase with the intensity of the gas jet, i.e., by increasing the nozzle outlet velocity and by reducing the distance between nozzle and bath level. The experiments show that the high momentum introduced by the gas jet causes deep, oscillating cavities as well as large-scale movement in the liquid metal bath. On the numerical side, the experimental setup was approximated by the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations based on the transition shear-stress transport (SST) turbulence model and the volume of fluid (VoF) model to represent the two-phase flow between the liquid metal and gas. The numerical model is able to represent fundamental flow phenomena, such as the penetration of the gas jet, the movement of the gas-metal interface, the size of the induced surface area, and typical drop sizes. Furthermore, the effect of the nozzle inclination to a 45 deg angle is examined. The comparison between experimental and numerical observations shows a very good qualitative agreement.