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<p>Fine-tuning inclusion characteristics are critical for optimizing the microstructure and mechanical performance of weld metal in high heat input submerged arc welding (SAW), especially in shipbuilding steels. In this study, the effects of varying TiO<sub>2</sub> content in CaF<sub>2</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub>–CaO–TiO<sub>2</sub> fluxes on inclusion characteristics were investigated during SAW of EH36 shipbuilding steel. Quantitative evaluations assessed the individual impacts of Ti and O on inclusion morphology, chemical composition, number density (<i>N</i><sub>v</sub>), volume fraction (<i>f</i><sub>v</sub>), and size distribution. The results showed that increasing TiO<sub>2</sub> content in the fluxes elevated Ti content in the WM from 0.007 to 0.020 wt&#xa0;pct and O content from 230 to 320 ppm. Higher Ti content shifts inclusion composition from being dominated by O–Al–Si–Mn to O–Al–Si–Mn–Ti, with the proportion of Ti-containing inclusions rising from 50.76 to 88.77 pct. A strong positive correlation was observed between the O content and both <i>N</i><sub>v</sub> (from 6.13&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>3</sup> to 6.93&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;N/mm<sup>2</sup>) as well as <i>f</i><sub>v</sub> (1.34&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>−3</sup> to 3.08&#xa0;×&#xa0;10<sup>−3</sup>), underscoring the role of O in driving inclusion formation and distribution. Furthermore, TiO<sub>2</sub> addition promotes inclusion growth, shifting the peak of the size distribution toward larger diameter and increasing the average diameter from 0.41 to 0.59&#xa0;<i>μ</i>m. Those findings demonstrate that TiO<sub>2</sub> plays a pivotal role in controlling inclusion characteristics, offering guidance for flux design in high heat input welding applications.</p>

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TiO2-Driven Inclusion Characteristics in Submerged Arc Welds of EH36 Shipbuilding Steel Treated by CaF2–SiO2–CaO–TiO2 Fluxes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月19日

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  • Yanyun Zhang,
  • Zhengrong Liu,
  • Shuai Shi,
  • Hangyu Bai,
  • Cong Wang

摘要

Fine-tuning inclusion characteristics are critical for optimizing the microstructure and mechanical performance of weld metal in high heat input submerged arc welding (SAW), especially in shipbuilding steels. In this study, the effects of varying TiO2 content in CaF2–SiO2–CaO–TiO2 fluxes on inclusion characteristics were investigated during SAW of EH36 shipbuilding steel. Quantitative evaluations assessed the individual impacts of Ti and O on inclusion morphology, chemical composition, number density (Nv), volume fraction (fv), and size distribution. The results showed that increasing TiO2 content in the fluxes elevated Ti content in the WM from 0.007 to 0.020 wt pct and O content from 230 to 320 ppm. Higher Ti content shifts inclusion composition from being dominated by O–Al–Si–Mn to O–Al–Si–Mn–Ti, with the proportion of Ti-containing inclusions rising from 50.76 to 88.77 pct. A strong positive correlation was observed between the O content and both Nv (from 6.13 × 103 to 6.93 × 103 N/mm2) as well as fv (1.34 × 10−3 to 3.08 × 10−3), underscoring the role of O in driving inclusion formation and distribution. Furthermore, TiO2 addition promotes inclusion growth, shifting the peak of the size distribution toward larger diameter and increasing the average diameter from 0.41 to 0.59 μm. Those findings demonstrate that TiO2 plays a pivotal role in controlling inclusion characteristics, offering guidance for flux design in high heat input welding applications.