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<p>This study focuses on the optimization of the tempering process for ultra-low-carbon microalloyed steel after critical austenitization, systematically investigating issues such as the transformation kinetics of metastable carbides to stable phase and the partitioning behavior of alloying elements (Cr, Mn) in carbides. The research reveals that the tempering temperature governs the phase structure and morphological evolution of carbides: tempering at 500&#xa0;°C, metastable phases <i>ε</i>-Fe<sub>2</sub>C (acicular) and <i>η</i>-Fe<sub>2</sub>C (lamellar) precipitate; at 600&#xa0;°C, the metastable phases completely transform into stable alloyed cementite <i>θ</i>-(Fe,M)<sub>3</sub>C(M: Cr, Mn); at 650&#xa0;°C, <i>θ</i>-(Fe,M)<sub>3</sub>C coarsens (particle size 0.40&#xa0;<i>μ</i>m) and the ferrite grains grow to the size of 6.1&#xa0;<i>μ</i>m, accompanied by the enrichment of Cr and Mn in the carbide. In terms of mechanical properties, the specimen tempered at 600&#xa0;°C achieves a yield strength (YS) of 391.1&#xa0;MPa and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 462.7&#xa0;MPa due to the synergistic effect of grain refinement and precipitation strengthening; the specimen tempered at 650&#xa0;°C exhibits the best strength–ductility balance with a product of strength and elongation (PSE) of 20.30 GPa·pct. Analysis based on strain hardening behavior and the Modified Crussard–Jaoul (MC–J) model reveals that carbides facilitate a multi-stage strain hardening mechanism by regulating dislocation evolution.</p>

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Carbide and Mechanical Property Evolution During Tempering of Ultra-Low-Carbon Miroalloyed Steel Under Critical Quenching

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Wenlong Zhang,
  • Sheng Yin,
  • Huijuan Wang,
  • Qingchao Tian

摘要

This study focuses on the optimization of the tempering process for ultra-low-carbon microalloyed steel after critical austenitization, systematically investigating issues such as the transformation kinetics of metastable carbides to stable phase and the partitioning behavior of alloying elements (Cr, Mn) in carbides. The research reveals that the tempering temperature governs the phase structure and morphological evolution of carbides: tempering at 500 °C, metastable phases ε-Fe2C (acicular) and η-Fe2C (lamellar) precipitate; at 600 °C, the metastable phases completely transform into stable alloyed cementite θ-(Fe,M)3C(M: Cr, Mn); at 650 °C, θ-(Fe,M)3C coarsens (particle size 0.40 μm) and the ferrite grains grow to the size of 6.1 μm, accompanied by the enrichment of Cr and Mn in the carbide. In terms of mechanical properties, the specimen tempered at 600 °C achieves a yield strength (YS) of 391.1 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 462.7 MPa due to the synergistic effect of grain refinement and precipitation strengthening; the specimen tempered at 650 °C exhibits the best strength–ductility balance with a product of strength and elongation (PSE) of 20.30 GPa·pct. Analysis based on strain hardening behavior and the Modified Crussard–Jaoul (MC–J) model reveals that carbides facilitate a multi-stage strain hardening mechanism by regulating dislocation evolution.