Reduced magma generation and its implications for the Pulang giant porphyry Cu-polymetallic deposit in Northwest Yunnan, China

The Pulang giant porphyry Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit is located in the Zhongdian area in the center of the Sanjiang Tethys tectonic domain, which was formed by the westward subduction of the Garze-Litang oceanic slab beneath the Zhongza massif. Chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite-molybdenite occurs as disseminations, veins, veinlets, and stockworks distributed in the K-silicate alteration zone in the monzonite porphyry, which is superimposed by propylitization. The chemical compositions of biotite and amphibole analyzed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) indicate that the ore-forming magma and exsolved fluids experienced a continuous decrease in the oxygen fugacity (fO₂). Primary amphibolite and biotite (type I) crystallized at relatively high temperatures (744–827 °C) and low fO₂ (logfO₂ = − 12.26 to − 11.91) during the magmatic stage. Hydrothermal fluids exsolved from the magma have a relatively lower temperature (621–711 °C) and fO₂ (logfO₂ = − 14.36 to − 13.32) than the original magma. In addition, the presence of a high abundance of pyrrhotite and an insufficiency of primary magnetite and sulfate in the ore (i.e., anhydrite and gypsum) indicate that the deposit may be a reduced porphyry deposit. Magma and fluid fO₂ results, combined with previous research on magmatic fO₂ at the Pulang deposit, indicate that the magma associated with the reduced Pulang ore assemblages was initially generated as a highly oxidized magma that was subsequently reduced by sedimentary rocks of the Tumugou Formation.