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<p>The application of nanotechnology in agriculture has promoted the sustainability of production systems through the use of nanoparticles as phytostimulants and nanopesticides, thereby reducing dependence on highly toxic agrochemicals. There is currently growing interest in optimizing the sustainability of nanoparticle production <i>via</i> green synthesis routes. In <i>Vanilla planifolia</i> Jacks. ex Andrews, previous studies have demonstrated the hormetic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) during propagation; however, those AgNPs were obtained by chemical synthesis. The present study evaluated the morphological and physiological responses of vanilla to AgNPs produced by chemical synthesis (Chemical-AgNPs) and green synthesis (Green-AgNPs) during <i>in vitro</i> micropropagation. The multiplication, rooting-elongation, and acclimatization stages were analyzed, with morphophysiological variables recorded after 45 d of culture. Results showed higher efficiency of Green-AgNPs compared to Chemical-AgNPs across all evaluated parameters. During <i>in vitro</i> multiplication, Green-AgNPs induced shoots of 8.06&#xa0;cm with 2.81 roots averaging 3.16&#xa0;cm in length, whereas Chemical-AgNPs produced shoots of 4.76&#xa0;cm with 2.06 roots measuring 2.44&#xa0;cm. In the rooting and elongation phase, Green-AgNPs generated shoots of 10.41&#xa0;cm with 3.08 roots of 5.16&#xa0;cm, compared to 8.10&#xa0;cm and 2.25 roots of 4.27&#xa0;cm with Chemical-AgNPs. Additionally, Green-AgNP treatment increased the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and improved plant morphology and stomatal indices. During acclimatization, 95% survival was achieved with Green-AgNPs. These findings confirmed the superior functionality of Green-AgNPs over Chemical-AgNPs in the micropropagation of <i>V. planifolia</i>, highlighting their potential to integrate more efficient and environmentally sustainable biotechnological practices into agricultural production.</p>

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Morphological and physiological responses of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) to chemically synthesized and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles during micropropagation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Marco A. Ramírez-Mosqueda,
  • José Luis Aguirre-Noyola,
  • José Luis Spinoso-Castillo,
  • José Roberto Bautista-Aguilar,
  • Elizabeta Hernández-Domínguez,
  • Carlos A. Cruz-Cruz,
  • Gustavo Cuaxinque-Flores

摘要

The application of nanotechnology in agriculture has promoted the sustainability of production systems through the use of nanoparticles as phytostimulants and nanopesticides, thereby reducing dependence on highly toxic agrochemicals. There is currently growing interest in optimizing the sustainability of nanoparticle production via green synthesis routes. In Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews, previous studies have demonstrated the hormetic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) during propagation; however, those AgNPs were obtained by chemical synthesis. The present study evaluated the morphological and physiological responses of vanilla to AgNPs produced by chemical synthesis (Chemical-AgNPs) and green synthesis (Green-AgNPs) during in vitro micropropagation. The multiplication, rooting-elongation, and acclimatization stages were analyzed, with morphophysiological variables recorded after 45 d of culture. Results showed higher efficiency of Green-AgNPs compared to Chemical-AgNPs across all evaluated parameters. During in vitro multiplication, Green-AgNPs induced shoots of 8.06 cm with 2.81 roots averaging 3.16 cm in length, whereas Chemical-AgNPs produced shoots of 4.76 cm with 2.06 roots measuring 2.44 cm. In the rooting and elongation phase, Green-AgNPs generated shoots of 10.41 cm with 3.08 roots of 5.16 cm, compared to 8.10 cm and 2.25 roots of 4.27 cm with Chemical-AgNPs. Additionally, Green-AgNP treatment increased the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and improved plant morphology and stomatal indices. During acclimatization, 95% survival was achieved with Green-AgNPs. These findings confirmed the superior functionality of Green-AgNPs over Chemical-AgNPs in the micropropagation of V. planifolia, highlighting their potential to integrate more efficient and environmentally sustainable biotechnological practices into agricultural production.