Allium sandrasicum is a diploid (2n = 2x = 16) endemic perennial Allium species, which grows naturally on the dry and rocky Mediterranean coast of southwestern Türkiye and the eastern Aegean islands. The bulbs, leaves, and pseudo-stems of A. sandrasicum are collected and consumed fresh or cooked during the spring season. It has potential for use as a food crop and an ornamental plant for landscaping. Experiments were conducted to develop gynogenic and somatic plant regeneration protocols for this endemic species by culturing approximately 16,000 unopened flower buds from six accessions on two BDS (Dunstan and Short 1977) and two MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962)-based induction medium containing 100.0 g L−1 sucrose with or without plant growth regulators (PGRs). Gynogenic plantlet regeneration was induced in the medium with or without PGRs, whereas somatic plantlet regeneration was possible only in the presence of PGRs (2.0 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2.0 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine). Culturing flower buds of accession AS5 in B2 (a PGR-free MS-based medium) resulted in 16.7% gynogenic plantlet regeneration frequency. The highest frequency of somatic plantlet production (11.33%) was obtained from accession AS3 buds in A1 (BDS-based medium with PGRs). Based on flow cytometric analysis, the majority (54.24%) of gynogenic plants were haploid, 27.12% were diploid, and the remaining 18.64% were mixoploid with both haploid and diploid cells. Somatic plants obtained from the basal portion of flower buds were diploid. All gynogenic and somatic plants developed bulblets in culture. Regenerated plants were acclimatized and evaluated for pseudo-stem diameter and plant height in a growth chamber. Haploid plants were significantly thinner and shorter than diploid regenerants. The developed protocols can be used to obtain gynogenic and somatic plants of this important endemic plant species.
