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<p>Apospory, the formation of diploid gametophytes directly from sporophytic tissue without meiosis, represents a rare deviation in the diplohaplontic life cycle of bryophytes with important ecological and evolutionary implications. In this study, a protocol for apospory induction in the moss <i>Physcomitrium eurystomum</i>, a rare and endangered species of allopolyploid origin was established. Differentiation of diploid gametophytic protonemata arose from medulla tissue of sporophytic setae, and induction was strongly dependent on the seta developmental stage. Injury to sporophytic tissue, whether by cutting or mechanical damage, further stimulated differentiation, underscoring the role of wounding as a trigger of apospory. The resulting diploid gametophytes exhibited larger phylloids and significantly larger cell sizes compared to haploids, while maintaining normal pigment composition and physiological function. Cytogenetic analyses confirmed their diploid status, validating successful apospory induction. These results provide a framework for generating clonal diploid lineages in mosses and highlight apospory as an important process for understanding genome–environment interactions, stress tolerance, and the evolutionary flexibility of alternation of generations in bryophytes.</p>

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Apospory in bryophytes: diploid gametophytes in rare and endangered moss Physcomitrium eurystomum (Funariaceae)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Djordje P. Božović,
  • Vladislav Kolarčik,
  • Marija V. Vesović,
  • Mingai Li,
  • Claudio Varotto,
  • Aneta D. Sabovljević,
  • Marko S. Sabovljević

摘要

Apospory, the formation of diploid gametophytes directly from sporophytic tissue without meiosis, represents a rare deviation in the diplohaplontic life cycle of bryophytes with important ecological and evolutionary implications. In this study, a protocol for apospory induction in the moss Physcomitrium eurystomum, a rare and endangered species of allopolyploid origin was established. Differentiation of diploid gametophytic protonemata arose from medulla tissue of sporophytic setae, and induction was strongly dependent on the seta developmental stage. Injury to sporophytic tissue, whether by cutting or mechanical damage, further stimulated differentiation, underscoring the role of wounding as a trigger of apospory. The resulting diploid gametophytes exhibited larger phylloids and significantly larger cell sizes compared to haploids, while maintaining normal pigment composition and physiological function. Cytogenetic analyses confirmed their diploid status, validating successful apospory induction. These results provide a framework for generating clonal diploid lineages in mosses and highlight apospory as an important process for understanding genome–environment interactions, stress tolerance, and the evolutionary flexibility of alternation of generations in bryophytes.