<p>This article examines the systemic resistance to the expansion of solar energy infrastructure in Italy. It does so with a focus on rural areas. Using a multifaceted methodological approach, the study analyses the economic, political, and cultural factors contributing to this resistance, which is closely intertwined with Italy’s reliance on fossil fuels. It identifies a complex network of opposing forces, including agricultural and industrial groups, political parties and environmental organisations, all committed to preserving the land and socio-economic continuity. By means of an analysis of national policies and case studies at different levels, the article highlights the tensions between renewable energy goals and local cultural and agricultural preservation efforts. Case studies in Sicily and Apulia highlight the complex dynamics at play, where large-scale solar projects have provoked a backlash due to concerns about land use, energy equity, and the socio-economic impact on rural communities. The findings show that such resistance is not simply a reaction to renewable energy projects; rather, it reflects deeper conflicts over cultural preservation, governance structures and economic transitions, and it often conceals attempts to strengthen the dependence on fossil fuels. The study highlights the need for integrated and inclusive approaches to renewable energy governance that address both local and systemic challenges in order to facilitate a just transition to a sustainable energy future.</p>