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Background <p>People who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other minoritized sexual orientations (LGBQ+) have served in the US military for generations. Despite well-documented health disparities between LGBQ+ and heterosexual individuals, research addressing the health of LGBQ+ veterans remains limited. This scoping review provides a map of the literature on LGBQ+ veteran health and health care from 1994 to 2023, identifying trends, gaps, and future directions.</p> Methods <p>Articles were identified in PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Articles had to be available in English, be empirical studies, and include LGBQ+ veterans or service members and health or health care. Of 716 articles coded for eligibility, 106 articles were included. Articles were double coded; data were extracted for generation of disparities research (i.e., 1st: identifying disparities, 2nd: understanding drivers of disparities, and 3rd: intervening to reduce disparities), health or health care topics, sample demographics, and study design and quality.</p> Results <p>The first article was published in 1999, and the quantity of published articles increased over time. Nearly half of the articles were first generation (48.1%), 45.5% were second generation, and 3.8% were third generation. Most research focused on mental health (e.g., substance use, depression, suicidality), with limited attention to physical health. Twenty-two percent of articles included samples composed solely of LGBQ+ participants. Most articles included quantitative (82.1%), retrospective, and/or cross-sectional (93.4%) study designs. Quality ratings were highest among articles with qualitative (85.7%) and mixed methods (58.0%) and lowest for quantitative (31.0%) methods.</p> Discussion <p>Research on LGBQ+ veterans and service members is nascent but growing. Gaps remain in addressing physical health outcomes, utilizing advanced study designs, and integrating sexual orientation as a central focus. Future research should prioritize interventional studies, implementation strategies, and expanded efforts to include physical health outcomes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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LGBQ+ Veteran and Service Member Health and Health Care: A Scoping Review of Research from 1994 to 2023

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Kelly L. Harper,
  • Alex McConnell,
  • Kim DeFiori,
  • Ashley M. Griffith,
  • Taylor L. Boyer,
  • Cory J. Cascalheira,
  • John R. Blosnich,
  • Maria Ting,
  • Michelle M. Hilgeman,
  • Nicholas A. Livingston,
  • Alison B. Hamilton,
  • Tracy Simpson

摘要

Background

People who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other minoritized sexual orientations (LGBQ+) have served in the US military for generations. Despite well-documented health disparities between LGBQ+ and heterosexual individuals, research addressing the health of LGBQ+ veterans remains limited. This scoping review provides a map of the literature on LGBQ+ veteran health and health care from 1994 to 2023, identifying trends, gaps, and future directions.

Methods

Articles were identified in PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Articles had to be available in English, be empirical studies, and include LGBQ+ veterans or service members and health or health care. Of 716 articles coded for eligibility, 106 articles were included. Articles were double coded; data were extracted for generation of disparities research (i.e., 1st: identifying disparities, 2nd: understanding drivers of disparities, and 3rd: intervening to reduce disparities), health or health care topics, sample demographics, and study design and quality.

Results

The first article was published in 1999, and the quantity of published articles increased over time. Nearly half of the articles were first generation (48.1%), 45.5% were second generation, and 3.8% were third generation. Most research focused on mental health (e.g., substance use, depression, suicidality), with limited attention to physical health. Twenty-two percent of articles included samples composed solely of LGBQ+ participants. Most articles included quantitative (82.1%), retrospective, and/or cross-sectional (93.4%) study designs. Quality ratings were highest among articles with qualitative (85.7%) and mixed methods (58.0%) and lowest for quantitative (31.0%) methods.

Discussion

Research on LGBQ+ veterans and service members is nascent but growing. Gaps remain in addressing physical health outcomes, utilizing advanced study designs, and integrating sexual orientation as a central focus. Future research should prioritize interventional studies, implementation strategies, and expanded efforts to include physical health outcomes.

Graphical Abstract