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<p>This study investigates the existence of seismo-electromagnetic anomalies belonging to the earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 4.9 that occurred in Çağlayan district of Erzincan on 30 July 2009, using the S-transform method on very low-frequency (VLF) and low-frequency (LF) radio signals. Data belonging to the INFREP network, which continuously records VLF/LF signals throughout Europe, were used, and especially the signal changes recorded at Reşadiye station, which is approximately 225&#xa0;km away from the earthquake epicentre, were analyzed. The anomalies in signal amplitude and frequency observed at 153, 180, 183 and 375&#xa0;kHz LF and 19.58 and 20.27&#xa0;kHz VLF frequencies became apparent before the earthquake. The S-transform reveals the increases in energy densities and spectral broadening in the time–frequency domain, indicating that these changes are related to the ionospheric disturbances caused by the earthquake. The findings show that VLF/LF analyses based on S-transform can be effective in detecting electromagnetic precursor signals for medium-sized earthquakes and can contribute to early warning systems and earthquake prediction.</p>

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Determination of the seismo-electromagnetic effect using S-transformation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Özcan Bektaş,
  • Aydın Büyüksaraç,
  • Ahmet Fırat Yelkuvan

摘要

This study investigates the existence of seismo-electromagnetic anomalies belonging to the earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 4.9 that occurred in Çağlayan district of Erzincan on 30 July 2009, using the S-transform method on very low-frequency (VLF) and low-frequency (LF) radio signals. Data belonging to the INFREP network, which continuously records VLF/LF signals throughout Europe, were used, and especially the signal changes recorded at Reşadiye station, which is approximately 225 km away from the earthquake epicentre, were analyzed. The anomalies in signal amplitude and frequency observed at 153, 180, 183 and 375 kHz LF and 19.58 and 20.27 kHz VLF frequencies became apparent before the earthquake. The S-transform reveals the increases in energy densities and spectral broadening in the time–frequency domain, indicating that these changes are related to the ionospheric disturbances caused by the earthquake. The findings show that VLF/LF analyses based on S-transform can be effective in detecting electromagnetic precursor signals for medium-sized earthquakes and can contribute to early warning systems and earthquake prediction.