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<p>This study presents a novel internal modification to piano key weirs (PKWs) by introducing elliptical perforations within the inlet keys to enhance hydraulic performance. While previous research has primarily focused on external geometric optimization, the potential of internal flow control mechanisms remains largely unexplored. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted on a reference PKW and five modified configurations with varying perforation sizes. The results demonstrate that inlet perforations significantly improve discharge capacity, with increases ranging from 2.5% to over 20%, and corresponding enhancements in discharge coefficient of up to 25%. The findings indicate that perforations act as additional discharge pathways, redistributing flow and reducing local submergence effects within outlet keys, particularly under low upstream head conditions. At higher heads, perforations complement conventional discharge mechanisms, leading to a more uniform flow distribution. Although a slight reduction in energy dissipation (less than 10%) was observed, the overall hydraulic efficiency improved. The results also reveal a nearly linear relationship between perforation size and discharge enhancement. These findings suggest that inlet key perforations provide a simple yet effective strategy for improving PKW performance, with potential applications in dam retrofitting, spillway optimization, and flood management.</p>

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Hydraulic optimization of piano key weirs using elliptical perforations in inlet keys

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Hamid Rezayi,
  • Mohsen Behnamtalab,
  • Chonoor Abdi Chooplou,
  • Ehsan Behnamtalab

摘要

This study presents a novel internal modification to piano key weirs (PKWs) by introducing elliptical perforations within the inlet keys to enhance hydraulic performance. While previous research has primarily focused on external geometric optimization, the potential of internal flow control mechanisms remains largely unexplored. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted on a reference PKW and five modified configurations with varying perforation sizes. The results demonstrate that inlet perforations significantly improve discharge capacity, with increases ranging from 2.5% to over 20%, and corresponding enhancements in discharge coefficient of up to 25%. The findings indicate that perforations act as additional discharge pathways, redistributing flow and reducing local submergence effects within outlet keys, particularly under low upstream head conditions. At higher heads, perforations complement conventional discharge mechanisms, leading to a more uniform flow distribution. Although a slight reduction in energy dissipation (less than 10%) was observed, the overall hydraulic efficiency improved. The results also reveal a nearly linear relationship between perforation size and discharge enhancement. These findings suggest that inlet key perforations provide a simple yet effective strategy for improving PKW performance, with potential applications in dam retrofitting, spillway optimization, and flood management.