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<p>With timely monitoring of drought phenomenon and proper management of existing water resources, especially groundwater, the adverse effects of destructive factors can be reduced. Satellite data such as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission can be used in monitoring drought over different areas. This research aims to evaluate the applicability of the GRACE data from 2002 to 2017 to calculate drought indices in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in a small area such as the Rafsanjan Plain, Iran. Our findings indicate that Modified Total Storage Deficit Index (MTSDI) outperforms Total Storage Deficit Index (TSDI) and Total Water Storage Deficit Index (TWSDI), because it removes the effect of changes due to human activities from the Total Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) time series. Also, the traditional meteorological drought indices including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), <i>Z</i>-Score Index (ZSI), China-Z index (CZI), and Modified CZI (MCZI) had a weaker relationship with GRACE-derived indices (except for MTSDI), which suggests that TSDI and TWSDI might not be the best choice for evaluating droughts that affect groundwater. Meanwhile, the effect of subtracting components modeled by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) from GRACE data for estimating groundwater storage was investigated. The results demonstrated that the water-level observation data had a strong correlation with the GRACE data, and subtracting GLDAS components did not significantly improve GRACE estimations of groundwater changes. In fact, in most observation wells, the correlation values slightly decreased, which was not statistically significant. Moreover, exploring time lags ranging from 0 to 11 months in both GRACE data and GRACE minus GLDAS data did not lead to any notable improvement in correlation across the observation wells. Therefore, GRACE-derived TWSA can be effectively used to support groundwater resource assessment and drought monitoring in arid and semi-arid regions.</p>

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Evaluation of GRACE satellite data for drought monitoring and groundwater management in a small aquifer in Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Vahidreza Amiresmaeili,
  • Majid Rahimzadegan,
  • S. Morteza Mousavi

摘要

With timely monitoring of drought phenomenon and proper management of existing water resources, especially groundwater, the adverse effects of destructive factors can be reduced. Satellite data such as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission can be used in monitoring drought over different areas. This research aims to evaluate the applicability of the GRACE data from 2002 to 2017 to calculate drought indices in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in a small area such as the Rafsanjan Plain, Iran. Our findings indicate that Modified Total Storage Deficit Index (MTSDI) outperforms Total Storage Deficit Index (TSDI) and Total Water Storage Deficit Index (TWSDI), because it removes the effect of changes due to human activities from the Total Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) time series. Also, the traditional meteorological drought indices including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Z-Score Index (ZSI), China-Z index (CZI), and Modified CZI (MCZI) had a weaker relationship with GRACE-derived indices (except for MTSDI), which suggests that TSDI and TWSDI might not be the best choice for evaluating droughts that affect groundwater. Meanwhile, the effect of subtracting components modeled by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) from GRACE data for estimating groundwater storage was investigated. The results demonstrated that the water-level observation data had a strong correlation with the GRACE data, and subtracting GLDAS components did not significantly improve GRACE estimations of groundwater changes. In fact, in most observation wells, the correlation values slightly decreased, which was not statistically significant. Moreover, exploring time lags ranging from 0 to 11 months in both GRACE data and GRACE minus GLDAS data did not lead to any notable improvement in correlation across the observation wells. Therefore, GRACE-derived TWSA can be effectively used to support groundwater resource assessment and drought monitoring in arid and semi-arid regions.