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<p>The F<sub>2</sub> layer of ionosphere is pivotal in influencing high-frequency radio wave propagation, making its study essential for understanding global communication systems. This review paper probes into the complex behavior of charge carriers in the ionosphere's F<sub>2</sub> layer, focusing on their formation, distribution, and the mechanisms driving their variability. This review explores F<sub>2</sub> layer dynamics and their broader implications for technology and space weather forecasting. A comprehensive analysis of various ionospheric anomalies, including the Weddell Sea Anomaly, annual, semiannual, and winter anomalies is done providing insights into their underlying causes. These insights are essential for the development of accurate ionospheric models, which play a crucial role in satellite design, data analysis, radio propagation studies, and space weather prediction.</p>

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Comprehensive review of ionospheric anomalies: mechanisms, trends, and observational perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • C. S. Seema,
  • N. G. Nisha,
  • M. S. Biji

摘要

The F2 layer of ionosphere is pivotal in influencing high-frequency radio wave propagation, making its study essential for understanding global communication systems. This review paper probes into the complex behavior of charge carriers in the ionosphere's F2 layer, focusing on their formation, distribution, and the mechanisms driving their variability. This review explores F2 layer dynamics and their broader implications for technology and space weather forecasting. A comprehensive analysis of various ionospheric anomalies, including the Weddell Sea Anomaly, annual, semiannual, and winter anomalies is done providing insights into their underlying causes. These insights are essential for the development of accurate ionospheric models, which play a crucial role in satellite design, data analysis, radio propagation studies, and space weather prediction.