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<p>In recent years, heat extremes (HEs) have become more frequent and severe, a trend partly attributed to the rapid urbanization globally. This study focuses on three main objectives: analyzing the temporal variability of warm, hot, and extremely hot days over the last three decades (1990–2019); evaluating the effectiveness of reanalysis datasets for examining HEs; and investigating the potential mechanisms behind HEs using the most suitable reanalysis dataset over Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha state, India. Warm and hot days have increased consistently by approximately 4 and 3&#xa0;days per decade, respectively. Among reanalysis datasets, IMDAA demonstrated greater accuracy than ERA-5 in representing HEs. Analysis of heat spell durations shows an increase in 3-day and 4-day extreme temperature spells, accompanied by significant changes in surface variables such as relative humidity, soil moisture, and downward shortwave radiation. The study reveals that while the intensity of temperature extremes in Bhubaneswar remains steady, their frequency has significantly increased. These insights contribute to climate change adaptation, improved urban planning, and the development of effective heatwave early warning systems to reduce the impact of extreme temperatures on human well-being and the environment.</p>

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Variability of urban heat extremes in the tropical city of Bhubaneswar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月3日

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  • Narayana Reddy Karrevula,
  • Alugula Boyaj,
  • V. Vinoj,
  • U. C. Mohanty

摘要

In recent years, heat extremes (HEs) have become more frequent and severe, a trend partly attributed to the rapid urbanization globally. This study focuses on three main objectives: analyzing the temporal variability of warm, hot, and extremely hot days over the last three decades (1990–2019); evaluating the effectiveness of reanalysis datasets for examining HEs; and investigating the potential mechanisms behind HEs using the most suitable reanalysis dataset over Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha state, India. Warm and hot days have increased consistently by approximately 4 and 3 days per decade, respectively. Among reanalysis datasets, IMDAA demonstrated greater accuracy than ERA-5 in representing HEs. Analysis of heat spell durations shows an increase in 3-day and 4-day extreme temperature spells, accompanied by significant changes in surface variables such as relative humidity, soil moisture, and downward shortwave radiation. The study reveals that while the intensity of temperature extremes in Bhubaneswar remains steady, their frequency has significantly increased. These insights contribute to climate change adaptation, improved urban planning, and the development of effective heatwave early warning systems to reduce the impact of extreme temperatures on human well-being and the environment.