<p>Supercapacitors (SCs) are acknowledged for their role as electrochemical energy storage devices, characterized by substantial power density, rapid charging and discharging abilities and extended longevity. However, enhancing energy density while maintaining high efficiency and long-term cycling stability remains a major challenge. This review provides a detailed discussion on the latest advances in electrode materials and device architectures for SCs. This review discusses carbon-based materials, including activated carbon, graphene and carbon nanotubes, highlighting their electric double-layer charge storage mechanism and excellent cycling stability. This review focuses on transition metal oxides/hydroxides and conducting polymers, highlighting their pseudocapacitive features, theoretical capacitance, and limitations in conductivity and cycling stability. This review extensively discusses the structural tunability and electrochemical characteristics of emerging materials, including MXenes, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, transition metal dichalcogenides and various layered nanostructures. The synergistic effects of hybrid and nanocomposite systems have been pointed out as promising techniques to improve the energy density, facilitate ion transport and maintain long-term durability. A brief account of advances within flexible, solid-state and micro-supercapacitor configurations is also presented. The main challenges related to electrolyte limits, electrode stability, scalability and practical device-level evaluation are analyzed, alongside suggested future directions focusing on interface engineering, practical and scalable synthesis methods and scalable manufacture. This review aims to provide a systematic perspective for the careful advancement of cutting-edge, high-efficiency SCs.</p>