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<p>The rising need for renewable energy has raised the necessity for optimized energy storage setups. Traditional batteries and supercapacitors have limitations in balancing superior energy density, fast power delivery, durability, and long-term stability. Two strategies are mentioned in this review: Hollow Nanostructures (HSNs) and Triple Oxide Composites (TOCs). HSNs have internal cavities and shells which effectively decelerate the large-scale volume expansion (e.g. &gt;200%), repress the ion diffusion routes (&lt; 10<sup>− 13</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/s) and enable high cyclability (&gt; 90% capacity retention following 500 cycles). TOCs, such as Ni–Co– MnO₄ and Mn–Co–Fe₃O₄ on the contrary, add a series of redox couples (Co²⁺/Co³⁺, Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺, Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺), which increase the intrinsic electronic conductivity and the integrity of the lattice. A hybrid architecture (HSN-TOC) that integrates the structural flexibility of HSNs with the redox diversity of TOCs has already shown exceptional electrochemical performance with capacities of over 1000 mAh g⁻¹ in Li-ion and over 600&#xa0;F g⁻¹ in supercapacitors. This integration helps balance high energy density and power density, whereas it improves safety, lifespan, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights progresses, current challenges, and the scalability of HSN–TOC hybrids for sustainable energy storage technologies.</p>

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Hollow nanostructured ternary oxide composites: design principles and performance in energy storage applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Harshiny Muthukumar,
  • Nivedhini Iswarya Chandrasekaran,
  • Aaarti Balasubramanian,
  • Deekshitha Praveen Shankar,
  • Thavasilingam Kannan,
  • Perumal Asaithambi

摘要

The rising need for renewable energy has raised the necessity for optimized energy storage setups. Traditional batteries and supercapacitors have limitations in balancing superior energy density, fast power delivery, durability, and long-term stability. Two strategies are mentioned in this review: Hollow Nanostructures (HSNs) and Triple Oxide Composites (TOCs). HSNs have internal cavities and shells which effectively decelerate the large-scale volume expansion (e.g. >200%), repress the ion diffusion routes (< 10− 13 cm2/s) and enable high cyclability (> 90% capacity retention following 500 cycles). TOCs, such as Ni–Co– MnO₄ and Mn–Co–Fe₃O₄ on the contrary, add a series of redox couples (Co²⁺/Co³⁺, Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺, Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺), which increase the intrinsic electronic conductivity and the integrity of the lattice. A hybrid architecture (HSN-TOC) that integrates the structural flexibility of HSNs with the redox diversity of TOCs has already shown exceptional electrochemical performance with capacities of over 1000 mAh g⁻¹ in Li-ion and over 600 F g⁻¹ in supercapacitors. This integration helps balance high energy density and power density, whereas it improves safety, lifespan, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights progresses, current challenges, and the scalability of HSN–TOC hybrids for sustainable energy storage technologies.