Isovalent rare-earth substitution in BiFeO3: Gd3+-induced structural distortion and pseudocapacitive charge-storage enhancement
摘要
Regulating charge-storage behaviour in perovskite oxides through isovalent rare-earth substitution offers an effective route to improve pseudocapacitive performance. In this work, Bi1−xGdxFeO3 (x = 0-0.25) electrodes were developed to investigate the influence of Gd3+ substitution on the structural evolution and electrochemical response of BiFeO3-based perovskites. XRD analysis confirmed that Gd3+ incorporation preserves the rhombohedral perovskite framework while inducing lattice contraction, crystallite refinement, and microstrain. TEM and HRTEM analyses revealed platelet-/flake-like nanoscale morphology with crystalline lattice features characteristic of rhombohedral BiFeO3. BET analysis further showed a progressive increase in specific surface area and pore volume after Gd3+ substitution, indicating improved electrolyte-accessible interfaces. These structural and microstructural changes are correlated with improved electrochemical accessibility and reduced interfacial charge-transfer resistance. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the optimized Bi0.75Gd0.25FeO3 electrode exhibits enhanced pseudocapacitive behaviour, delivering a maximum specific capacitance of 854 F g− 1 at 3 A g− 1 along with good rate capability and cycling stability. Kinetic analysis indicated mixed diffusion-controlled Faradaic and pseudocapacitive charge-storage contributions, while EIS analysis revealed reduced charge-transfer resistance after Gd3+ substitution. These results indicate that the enhanced pseudocapacitive response of Bi0.75Gd0.25FeO3 arises from the coupled contribution of crystallite refinement, lattice distortion, increased BET surface area, enlarged pore volume, improved electrolyte accessibility, and reduced interfacial charge-transfer resistance.