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<p>A facile and effective hydrothermal method incorporating a Gemini like surfactant with different molar concentrations was developed, and its photocatalytic activity toward Direct Green 6 (DG6) degradation was systematically evaluated for the first time. The crystal phase, optical behaviour, surface morphology, Microstructural analysis, Surface area &amp; Porosity analysis, Composition &amp; Oxidation states and absorption features were systematically examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-diffused reflectance spectra (UV–DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), respectively. The 0.05&#xa0;M GS-assisted Mn<sub>5</sub>O<sub>8</sub> (Gemini surfactant stabilized Mn<sub>5</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) photocatalyst exhibited superior performance compared to the other photocatalysts. The optimized GS-assisted Mn₅O₈ photocatalyst exhibited superior degradation efficiency of 97.6% within 75&#xa0;min, with a high apparent rate constant (k = 0.0377s⁻¹), which is significantly higher than other Mn<sub>5</sub>O<sub>8</sub> by improved charge separation, increased surface defects, and enhanced active site availability in Gemini surfactant whereas lower concentrations provide insufficient surface modification and higher concentrations lead to active site blockage. Moreover, the photocatalyst can be easily recovered and reused over multiple cycles, providing a simple and efficient approach for effective photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synthesis of GS-assisted Mn5O8 photocatalysts for efficient visible-light degradation of direct green 6 dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Kaleeswari Vijayaanand,
  • Geetha Das,
  • Benjamin Moses Filip Jones,
  • Arunachalam Saravana Vadivu,
  • Velayutham Pillai MuthaiahPillai,
  • Perumal Rameshkumar

摘要

A facile and effective hydrothermal method incorporating a Gemini like surfactant with different molar concentrations was developed, and its photocatalytic activity toward Direct Green 6 (DG6) degradation was systematically evaluated for the first time. The crystal phase, optical behaviour, surface morphology, Microstructural analysis, Surface area & Porosity analysis, Composition & Oxidation states and absorption features were systematically examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-diffused reflectance spectra (UV–DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), respectively. The 0.05 M GS-assisted Mn5O8 (Gemini surfactant stabilized Mn5O8) photocatalyst exhibited superior performance compared to the other photocatalysts. The optimized GS-assisted Mn₅O₈ photocatalyst exhibited superior degradation efficiency of 97.6% within 75 min, with a high apparent rate constant (k = 0.0377s⁻¹), which is significantly higher than other Mn5O8 by improved charge separation, increased surface defects, and enhanced active site availability in Gemini surfactant whereas lower concentrations provide insufficient surface modification and higher concentrations lead to active site blockage. Moreover, the photocatalyst can be easily recovered and reused over multiple cycles, providing a simple and efficient approach for effective photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants.

Graphical abstract