<p>Layered O3-type sodium transition metal oxides are competitive cathode candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but their commercialization is hindered by sluggish Na<sup>+</sup> transport, irreversible phase transitions, interlayer slippage, and poor cycling durability. Herein, we propose a Zn<sup>2+</sup> doping strategy via a low-cost scalable high-temperature solid-state route. Systematic characterizations confirm optimal Zn<sup>2+</sup> doping (x = 0.03) improves structural stability and electrochemical performance. XRD and Rietveld refinement show Zn<sup>2+</sup> incorporation enlarges Na layer spacing from 3.1741 Å to 3.1835 Å and TM layer spacing from 2.1475 Å to 2.1559 Å, while moderate Zn-O bond energy balances lattice stability and Na<sup>+</sup> mobility. XPS verifies stable Zn<sup>2+</sup> existence, inhibiting Mn<sup>3+</sup> disproportionation. The optimized NFM-Zn<sub>0.03</sub> delivers 162 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at 0.1&#xa0;C, 81.4% retention after 100 cycles at 1&#xa0;C, 74 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at 10&#xa0;C, and a Na<sup>+</sup> diffusion coefficient (7.59 × 10<sup>–10</sup>cm<sup>2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>) 1.9-fold higher than the undoped sample, consistently corroborated by GITT, CV, and EIS measurements. This work provides a low-cost, structure-oriented Zn doping strategy for high-performance SIB cathodes.</p>

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Zn2+ substitution at the Ni site: a strategy to enhance Na+ diffusion and structural stability of O3-type layered oxide cathodes

  • Zehang Qin,
  • Changjiang Yang,
  • Haijing Cui,
  • Huangkai Zhou,
  • Xiaolan Cai,
  • Jun Chang

摘要

Layered O3-type sodium transition metal oxides are competitive cathode candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but their commercialization is hindered by sluggish Na+ transport, irreversible phase transitions, interlayer slippage, and poor cycling durability. Herein, we propose a Zn2+ doping strategy via a low-cost scalable high-temperature solid-state route. Systematic characterizations confirm optimal Zn2+ doping (x = 0.03) improves structural stability and electrochemical performance. XRD and Rietveld refinement show Zn2+ incorporation enlarges Na layer spacing from 3.1741 Å to 3.1835 Å and TM layer spacing from 2.1475 Å to 2.1559 Å, while moderate Zn-O bond energy balances lattice stability and Na+ mobility. XPS verifies stable Zn2+ existence, inhibiting Mn3+ disproportionation. The optimized NFM-Zn0.03 delivers 162 mAh g–1 at 0.1 C, 81.4% retention after 100 cycles at 1 C, 74 mAh g–1 at 10 C, and a Na+ diffusion coefficient (7.59 × 10–10cm2 s–1) 1.9-fold higher than the undoped sample, consistently corroborated by GITT, CV, and EIS measurements. This work provides a low-cost, structure-oriented Zn doping strategy for high-performance SIB cathodes.