Zn2+ substitution at the Ni site: a strategy to enhance Na+ diffusion and structural stability of O3-type layered oxide cathodes
摘要
Layered O3-type sodium transition metal oxides are competitive cathode candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but their commercialization is hindered by sluggish Na+ transport, irreversible phase transitions, interlayer slippage, and poor cycling durability. Herein, we propose a Zn2+ doping strategy via a low-cost scalable high-temperature solid-state route. Systematic characterizations confirm optimal Zn2+ doping (x = 0.03) improves structural stability and electrochemical performance. XRD and Rietveld refinement show Zn2+ incorporation enlarges Na layer spacing from 3.1741 Å to 3.1835 Å and TM layer spacing from 2.1475 Å to 2.1559 Å, while moderate Zn-O bond energy balances lattice stability and Na+ mobility. XPS verifies stable Zn2+ existence, inhibiting Mn3+ disproportionation. The optimized NFM-Zn0.03 delivers 162 mAh g–1 at 0.1 C, 81.4% retention after 100 cycles at 1 C, 74 mAh g–1 at 10 C, and a Na+ diffusion coefficient (7.59 × 10–10cm2 s–1) 1.9-fold higher than the undoped sample, consistently corroborated by GITT, CV, and EIS measurements. This work provides a low-cost, structure-oriented Zn doping strategy for high-performance SIB cathodes.