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<p>Hydrogen energy serves as a pivotal clean energy carrier for deep decarbonization in hard-to-abate sectors; however, its large-scale deployment is impeded by bottlenecks in hydrogen storage and transportation. Ammonia, distinguished by its high hydrogen storage density (17.6 wt%) and favorable logistics, has emerged as an ideal hydrogen storage medium. Electrochemical ammonia oxidation (AOR) enables the efficient conversion of ammonia to hydrogen under mild conditions, offering significant energy savings with a theoretical potential of merely 0.06&#xa0;V vs. RHE, drastically lower than the 1.23&#xa0;V required for water electrolysis. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in this technology, focusing on reaction mechanisms and catalyst design optimization. Regarding the mechanism, we delineate typical ammonia oxidation pathways, such as the O-S and G-M mechanisms, and contrast the reaction steps and intermediates of AOR with those of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In terms of catalyst development, we discuss performance optimization via structural regulation and electronic modification. Notably, single-atom anchoring technology is highlighted for maximizing atomic utilization and precisely tuning electronic structures through atomic-level metal dispersion, providing a novel strategy for designing efficient, low-cost catalysts. Finally, we summarize current challenges and outline future directions—ranging from catalyst performance optimization and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) development to system integration and demonstration—aiming to propel this technology toward scalable, cost-effective implementation and bolster the hydrogen economy.</p><p>Trial registration number: Not applicable.</p>

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Towards efficient hydrogen production: A study on ammonia electrolysis technology — catalyst mechanisms and design strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Wanze Li,
  • Kailong Zhang,
  • Xiaofeng Gu,
  • Tianxiang Li,
  • Shihan Chen,
  • Haoran Zhang,
  • Yufang Ye,
  • Hewen Liu

摘要

Hydrogen energy serves as a pivotal clean energy carrier for deep decarbonization in hard-to-abate sectors; however, its large-scale deployment is impeded by bottlenecks in hydrogen storage and transportation. Ammonia, distinguished by its high hydrogen storage density (17.6 wt%) and favorable logistics, has emerged as an ideal hydrogen storage medium. Electrochemical ammonia oxidation (AOR) enables the efficient conversion of ammonia to hydrogen under mild conditions, offering significant energy savings with a theoretical potential of merely 0.06 V vs. RHE, drastically lower than the 1.23 V required for water electrolysis. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in this technology, focusing on reaction mechanisms and catalyst design optimization. Regarding the mechanism, we delineate typical ammonia oxidation pathways, such as the O-S and G-M mechanisms, and contrast the reaction steps and intermediates of AOR with those of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In terms of catalyst development, we discuss performance optimization via structural regulation and electronic modification. Notably, single-atom anchoring technology is highlighted for maximizing atomic utilization and precisely tuning electronic structures through atomic-level metal dispersion, providing a novel strategy for designing efficient, low-cost catalysts. Finally, we summarize current challenges and outline future directions—ranging from catalyst performance optimization and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) development to system integration and demonstration—aiming to propel this technology toward scalable, cost-effective implementation and bolster the hydrogen economy.

Trial registration number: Not applicable.