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<p>The escalating overuse of xylazine, a veterinary analgesic that poses significant health risks to people, highlights the pressing necessity for quick and dependable detection techniques. This study introduces an innovative electrochemical sensor utilizing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with sulphur and titanium co-doped molybdenum trioxide (MST) for the precise and selective detection of xylazine. The doped material substantially enhanced the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode, resulting in greater conductivity and increased surface activity. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analyses demonstrated a broad linear detection range of 42.0 nM to 265.0 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.0 nM. The sensitivity of working electrodes is governed by the ratio of the slope to the active area of the electrode determined to be 1.05 µA/µM/cm² for MST modified GCE. The sensor demonstrated exceptional repeatability (RSD &lt; 1%), reproducibility, and robust selectivity against prevalent interferents. The practical application was evidenced by successful spike-and-recovery tests conducted on real-world samples, such as tap water and a commercial cola beverage, with recovery rates falling below acceptable analytical thresholds. The results establish the MST modified GCE (MST/GCE) as a viable instrument for efficient xylazine detection in environmental and forensic applications.</p>

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Advanced electrochemical sensing of xylazine using sulphur and titanium co-doped molybdenum trioxide

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Aswathy S. Murali,
  • S. Gopika,
  • V. Jyothika,
  • Beena Saraswathyamma

摘要

The escalating overuse of xylazine, a veterinary analgesic that poses significant health risks to people, highlights the pressing necessity for quick and dependable detection techniques. This study introduces an innovative electrochemical sensor utilizing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with sulphur and titanium co-doped molybdenum trioxide (MST) for the precise and selective detection of xylazine. The doped material substantially enhanced the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode, resulting in greater conductivity and increased surface activity. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analyses demonstrated a broad linear detection range of 42.0 nM to 265.0 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.0 nM. The sensitivity of working electrodes is governed by the ratio of the slope to the active area of the electrode determined to be 1.05 µA/µM/cm² for MST modified GCE. The sensor demonstrated exceptional repeatability (RSD < 1%), reproducibility, and robust selectivity against prevalent interferents. The practical application was evidenced by successful spike-and-recovery tests conducted on real-world samples, such as tap water and a commercial cola beverage, with recovery rates falling below acceptable analytical thresholds. The results establish the MST modified GCE (MST/GCE) as a viable instrument for efficient xylazine detection in environmental and forensic applications.