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<p>Flexible Zn-air batteries (ZABs) are attractive for wearable electronics and low-altitude aerial platforms due to their high theoretical energy density, intrinsic safety, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, their practical application is still limited by the insufficient mechanical stability of gel electrolytes, limited transport behavior and inadequate temperature adaptability. In order to address these problems, a composite hydrogel electrolyte based on acrylamide (AM), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was developed. In this system, AM forms a three-dimensional crosslinked network through polymerization by UV. PAA further enhances the network stability through chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions. Besides, the CNTs mainly function as reinforcing diffusion behavior and help to stabilize the composite network and improve bulk-related transport and diffusion behavior of the hydrogel. The obtained hydrogel exhibits enhanced mechanical stretchability, with an elongation at break of 506% and favorable electrochemical performance, benefiting from the continuous interconnected composite network. The assembled flexible ZAB delivers stable galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling for about 18.4&#xa0;h at 25&#xa0;mA cm<sup>-2</sup>, a specific capacity of about 677&#xa0;mA·h·g<sup>-1</sup>, favorable rate capacity, high power output (272 mW cm<sup>-2</sup>). Practical applications further show that batteries can provide stable open-circuit voltage and can be used to power an LED, charge a mobile phone and support drone operation. These results demonstrate that the PAM-PAA-CNTs composite hydrogel electrolyte is highly effective for improving the overall performance of flexible ZABs and provides a promising strategy for developing safe, flexible and high-output energy-storage devices.</p>

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A CNTs-reinforced PAM-PAA composite hydrogel-based flexible Zn-air batteries with high-rate charge-discharge capability and safety for energy-storage devices

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Xu Peng,
  • Gaopan Li,
  • Xinyi Zuo,
  • Junjie Zhang,
  • Wuguo Wei,
  • Yaoming Fu,
  • Xupeng Wang,
  • Yanjun Chen,
  • Chuanlong Zhu,
  • Yunbin Tu,
  • Yunqi Guo,
  • Jian Wang,
  • Gangjin Huang,
  • Yuxuan Yang,
  • Xing Peng,
  • Zhengqiao Zhou,
  • Xinyu Liu,
  • Zhuo Feng,
  • Su Zhan,
  • Qiuchen He

摘要

Flexible Zn-air batteries (ZABs) are attractive for wearable electronics and low-altitude aerial platforms due to their high theoretical energy density, intrinsic safety, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, their practical application is still limited by the insufficient mechanical stability of gel electrolytes, limited transport behavior and inadequate temperature adaptability. In order to address these problems, a composite hydrogel electrolyte based on acrylamide (AM), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was developed. In this system, AM forms a three-dimensional crosslinked network through polymerization by UV. PAA further enhances the network stability through chain entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions. Besides, the CNTs mainly function as reinforcing diffusion behavior and help to stabilize the composite network and improve bulk-related transport and diffusion behavior of the hydrogel. The obtained hydrogel exhibits enhanced mechanical stretchability, with an elongation at break of 506% and favorable electrochemical performance, benefiting from the continuous interconnected composite network. The assembled flexible ZAB delivers stable galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling for about 18.4 h at 25 mA cm-2, a specific capacity of about 677 mA·h·g-1, favorable rate capacity, high power output (272 mW cm-2). Practical applications further show that batteries can provide stable open-circuit voltage and can be used to power an LED, charge a mobile phone and support drone operation. These results demonstrate that the PAM-PAA-CNTs composite hydrogel electrolyte is highly effective for improving the overall performance of flexible ZABs and provides a promising strategy for developing safe, flexible and high-output energy-storage devices.