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<p>Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) convert the chemical energy in organic substrates into electricity while treating wastewater, offering a path toward energy-positive sanitation, yet practical deployment remains limited by low and unstable power output. Anode modification is the primary strategy to overcome this, enhancing surface area, conductivity, and biocompatibility to accelerate microbial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (EET). This review integrates ROSES (RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses) synthesizes findings from 29 high-quality studies published between January 2020 and May 2025 on anode modification strategies. This review aim to elucidate the interdependency of the anode surface chemistry and the developed biofilm and the electrochemical parameters that directly limit power production. The analysis organizes findings around five themes, namely (1) material selection for anode fabrication; (2) surface modification techniques; (3) biofunctionalization approaches; (4) impact on electrochemical and treatment performances; (5) scalability, cost, and environmental implications. The findings demonstrate the primary role of the anode–biofilm interface in wastewater MFCs, by optimizing carbon anodes for hydrophilicity, high interfacial capacitance, and nano-engineered surfaces to accelerate electroactive colonization and extracellular electron transfer, which translates to higher power, better Coulombic efficiency, and stronger pollutant removal. Overall, the review links anode modifications to improved MFCs. </p>

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A systematic review of anode surface chemistry, electron transfer mechanisms, and feasibility in wastewater microbial fuel cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Junaidah Buhari,
  • Nor Sakinah Mohd Said,
  • Setyo Budi Kurniawan,
  • Huang Changyan,
  • Yeap Swee Pin,
  • Wei-Thung Eng,
  • Teng Kah Hou,
  • Georgepeter Gnana Kumar,
  • Phang Siew Moi

摘要

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) convert the chemical energy in organic substrates into electricity while treating wastewater, offering a path toward energy-positive sanitation, yet practical deployment remains limited by low and unstable power output. Anode modification is the primary strategy to overcome this, enhancing surface area, conductivity, and biocompatibility to accelerate microbial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (EET). This review integrates ROSES (RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses) synthesizes findings from 29 high-quality studies published between January 2020 and May 2025 on anode modification strategies. This review aim to elucidate the interdependency of the anode surface chemistry and the developed biofilm and the electrochemical parameters that directly limit power production. The analysis organizes findings around five themes, namely (1) material selection for anode fabrication; (2) surface modification techniques; (3) biofunctionalization approaches; (4) impact on electrochemical and treatment performances; (5) scalability, cost, and environmental implications. The findings demonstrate the primary role of the anode–biofilm interface in wastewater MFCs, by optimizing carbon anodes for hydrophilicity, high interfacial capacitance, and nano-engineered surfaces to accelerate electroactive colonization and extracellular electron transfer, which translates to higher power, better Coulombic efficiency, and stronger pollutant removal. Overall, the review links anode modifications to improved MFCs.