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<p>The accurate monitoring capability of battery management system (BMS) relies on high-precision battery model, and the hysteresis effect of lithium-ion batteries is an important factor that affects the performance of BMS. In this study, we integrated the simplified hysteresis open-circuit voltage (OCV) model with the equivalent circuit model (ECM) to construct equivalent hysteresis circuit model (ECMH), enabling a systematic analysis of how hysteresis characteristics influence model accuracy. We used the particle swarm algorithm (PSO) for parameter identification, and compared the performance of the ECM and ECMH under four test conditions. Our focus was to evaluate the improvements in simulation accuracy and stability by ECMHs, as well as the applicability of hysteresis model to ECMs, including the second-order Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (2PNGV) model. The results show that under the BJDST condition, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the second-order PNGV model considering the battery hysteresis effect (2PNGVH) is only 5.078 mV. Additionally, the RMSE of simulated terminal voltage of the ECMH is reduced by more than 10%, and the RMSE of 2PNGVH is below 6.5 mV. Compared with the combination of the traditional OCV model and the 2PNGV model, the accuracy of the proposed model is significantly improved. This study successfully integrates the hysteresis OCV model with 2PNGV model, providing a new modeling method for designing high-accuracy BMS.</p>

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Comparative study of equivalent circuit models of lithium-ion batteries considering hysteresis effect

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Lulu Chen,
  • Yilong Hu,
  • Baohe Yuan,
  • Mingyang Li,
  • Tianbao Liu,
  • Ziteng Wang,
  • Ruichao Yang,
  • Mingliang Shi,
  • Yinzhe Zhao

摘要

The accurate monitoring capability of battery management system (BMS) relies on high-precision battery model, and the hysteresis effect of lithium-ion batteries is an important factor that affects the performance of BMS. In this study, we integrated the simplified hysteresis open-circuit voltage (OCV) model with the equivalent circuit model (ECM) to construct equivalent hysteresis circuit model (ECMH), enabling a systematic analysis of how hysteresis characteristics influence model accuracy. We used the particle swarm algorithm (PSO) for parameter identification, and compared the performance of the ECM and ECMH under four test conditions. Our focus was to evaluate the improvements in simulation accuracy and stability by ECMHs, as well as the applicability of hysteresis model to ECMs, including the second-order Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (2PNGV) model. The results show that under the BJDST condition, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the second-order PNGV model considering the battery hysteresis effect (2PNGVH) is only 5.078 mV. Additionally, the RMSE of simulated terminal voltage of the ECMH is reduced by more than 10%, and the RMSE of 2PNGVH is below 6.5 mV. Compared with the combination of the traditional OCV model and the 2PNGV model, the accuracy of the proposed model is significantly improved. This study successfully integrates the hysteresis OCV model with 2PNGV model, providing a new modeling method for designing high-accuracy BMS.