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<p>Monitoring organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) is indispensable for ensuring food safety, protecting human health, and upholding ecological balance. In this study, ZnS-grafted Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> nanohybrid was synthesized by using a one-pot hydrothermal method and deposited electrophoretically onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated substrate, which was further immobilized with a mixture of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and chitosan (CS) in the presence of glutaraldehyde to construct AChE-CS/ZnS@Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>/ITO biosensor for chlorpyrifos (CPE) detection. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized material was conducted by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, which confirms a successful grafting of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) and predominant –OH surface terminations on Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> that encourage enzyme immobilization. The constructed sensor demonstrates a linear range of 1 pM – 100 nM, a low limit of detection (0.11 pM) and sensitivity (11.28 µA pM<sup>− 1</sup> cm<sup>− 2</sup>) with good reproducibility, stability, and appreciable recoveries (91.17-104.72%) in spiked apple and tomato samples using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This sensor was also examined within the same linear range (1 pM – 100 nM) using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and demonstrates higher sensitivity (36.8 µA pM<sup>− 1</sup> cm<sup>− 2</sup>) and a higher limit of detection (0.13 pM) than the DPV technique. Therefore, the present work introduces a novel approach to constructing high-sensitivity sensors based on 2D-Ti₃C₂Tₓ nanosheets/hybrid structures, with practical applications in environmental and agricultural assessment.</p>

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ZnS-Grafted Ti₃C₂Tₓ nanohybrid for highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of chlorpyrifos

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Sunil Kumar,
  • Devendra Kumar

摘要

Monitoring organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) is indispensable for ensuring food safety, protecting human health, and upholding ecological balance. In this study, ZnS-grafted Ti3C2Tx nanohybrid was synthesized by using a one-pot hydrothermal method and deposited electrophoretically onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated substrate, which was further immobilized with a mixture of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and chitosan (CS) in the presence of glutaraldehyde to construct AChE-CS/ZnS@Ti3C2Tx/ITO biosensor for chlorpyrifos (CPE) detection. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized material was conducted by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, which confirms a successful grafting of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) and predominant –OH surface terminations on Ti3C2Tx that encourage enzyme immobilization. The constructed sensor demonstrates a linear range of 1 pM – 100 nM, a low limit of detection (0.11 pM) and sensitivity (11.28 µA pM− 1 cm− 2) with good reproducibility, stability, and appreciable recoveries (91.17-104.72%) in spiked apple and tomato samples using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This sensor was also examined within the same linear range (1 pM – 100 nM) using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and demonstrates higher sensitivity (36.8 µA pM− 1 cm− 2) and a higher limit of detection (0.13 pM) than the DPV technique. Therefore, the present work introduces a novel approach to constructing high-sensitivity sensors based on 2D-Ti₃C₂Tₓ nanosheets/hybrid structures, with practical applications in environmental and agricultural assessment.