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<p>The high-performance sodium storage of biomass-derived hard carbons is dictated by their meticulously engineered microporous architecture, yet establishing a universal “structure-performance” relationship remains a central scientific goal, hindered by the need for advanced multiscale characterization. To address this challenge, we demonstrate a facile strategy to produce high-performance hard carbon anodes from renewable pine needles by integrating KOH activation with precisely controlled pyrolysis. This process constructs a three-dimensional interconnected porous architecture with tailored microstructure. The optimized material (PCN KOH 1500) exhibits a hierarchical pore structure, optimal interlayer spacing (0.372&#xa0;nm), and a balanced proportion of ordered/disordered carbon domains. As an anode for SIBs, it delivers a high reversible capacity of 336.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.05&#xa0;A g⁻¹, with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 81.6% and outstanding rate capability (245 mAh g⁻¹ at 1&#xa0;A g⁻¹). Furthermore, it shows excellent long-term cycling stability, retaining 88% capacity after 200 cycles at 0.2&#xa0;A g⁻¹. This work not only provides a viable pathway for converting biomass into high-performance electrodes, but more importantly, offers concrete microstructural evidence and fundamental insights that advance the understanding of the elusive structure-performance relationship in hard carbon anodes.</p>

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Pine-needle-derived hard carbon with 3D interconnected porous architecture for high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Suyuan Zhang,
  • Zhiwei Hu,
  • Chenxiang Gao,
  • Yurong Cai,
  • Yuhong Zhang,
  • Jiayuan Xiang,
  • Tao He,
  • Aigang Zhen

摘要

The high-performance sodium storage of biomass-derived hard carbons is dictated by their meticulously engineered microporous architecture, yet establishing a universal “structure-performance” relationship remains a central scientific goal, hindered by the need for advanced multiscale characterization. To address this challenge, we demonstrate a facile strategy to produce high-performance hard carbon anodes from renewable pine needles by integrating KOH activation with precisely controlled pyrolysis. This process constructs a three-dimensional interconnected porous architecture with tailored microstructure. The optimized material (PCN KOH 1500) exhibits a hierarchical pore structure, optimal interlayer spacing (0.372 nm), and a balanced proportion of ordered/disordered carbon domains. As an anode for SIBs, it delivers a high reversible capacity of 336.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.05 A g⁻¹, with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 81.6% and outstanding rate capability (245 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹). Furthermore, it shows excellent long-term cycling stability, retaining 88% capacity after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g⁻¹. This work not only provides a viable pathway for converting biomass into high-performance electrodes, but more importantly, offers concrete microstructural evidence and fundamental insights that advance the understanding of the elusive structure-performance relationship in hard carbon anodes.