<p>Electrochromic with features of reversible multicolor switch and light modulation is pivotal to intuitive display, energy storage and visualized monitoring. This review systematically elaborates the latest advances in electrochromic systems from electrolyte ion transport, electrode material optimization and integrated functional device. We explore the design principles of innovative electrolytes with fast response and reversible rejuvenation, from three perspectives of ion radius, charge capacity and solvent type. The development paths of electrolyte-free simple structures, all-in-one gels and all-solid-state devices are clarified. We also discuss non-emissive electrochromic devices with eye friendly and low energy consumption merits, involving optical thermal modulation, pixel display and intuitive sensors. Additionally, the update research on optoelectronic information encryption and quick response code anti-counterfeiting based on electrochromic technology is summarized in detail. Finally, the current performance bottlenecks, fabrication challenges and industrialization obstacles of electrochromic devices are identified. The future research directions are proposed, emphasizing the rational design of components and deep investigation of reaction dynamics for emerging electrochromic to promote their practical application in intelligent optoelectronic fields.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>