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<p>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a key technology for sustainable energy conversion. Their voltage–current (I–V) characteristics are most commonly modeled using either the classical seven-parameter Mann model or the more compact five-parameter Perez model. While the Mann model offers high predictive accuracy, its relatively large number of parameters complicates its practical use; in contrast, the Perez formulation achieves reduced complexity at the expense of flexibility. This study introduces two modified Perez-type models that preserve physically meaningful representations of ohmic and concentration losses while incorporating simplified and numerically efficient expressions for activation overpotential. The first model employs only four parameters, ensuring stability and ease of identification, whereas the second introduces five parameters to provide enhanced flexibility and accuracy. Parameter estimation is performed using a Newton-Raphson-Based Optimizer (NRBO), which guarantees robust convergence and effective error minimization. The proposed models are validated on four PEMFC systems of different power ratings and application domains (Ballard 5&#xa0;kW, BCS 500&#xa0;W, NedStack PS6 6&#xa0;kW, and Horizon 500&#xa0;W). Results demonstrate superior accuracy compared to both the original Perez and Mann benchmark models, achieving improvements of more than 17% relative to Perez and over 90% compared to Mann. These findings establish the modified Perez formulations as generalizable, computationally efficient, and experimentally validated tools for advanced modeling of PEMFCs.</p>

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Modified Perez models for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: simplified formulations, efficient optimization, and multi-system validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Martin Ćalasan,
  • Snežana Vujošević

摘要

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a key technology for sustainable energy conversion. Their voltage–current (I–V) characteristics are most commonly modeled using either the classical seven-parameter Mann model or the more compact five-parameter Perez model. While the Mann model offers high predictive accuracy, its relatively large number of parameters complicates its practical use; in contrast, the Perez formulation achieves reduced complexity at the expense of flexibility. This study introduces two modified Perez-type models that preserve physically meaningful representations of ohmic and concentration losses while incorporating simplified and numerically efficient expressions for activation overpotential. The first model employs only four parameters, ensuring stability and ease of identification, whereas the second introduces five parameters to provide enhanced flexibility and accuracy. Parameter estimation is performed using a Newton-Raphson-Based Optimizer (NRBO), which guarantees robust convergence and effective error minimization. The proposed models are validated on four PEMFC systems of different power ratings and application domains (Ballard 5 kW, BCS 500 W, NedStack PS6 6 kW, and Horizon 500 W). Results demonstrate superior accuracy compared to both the original Perez and Mann benchmark models, achieving improvements of more than 17% relative to Perez and over 90% compared to Mann. These findings establish the modified Perez formulations as generalizable, computationally efficient, and experimentally validated tools for advanced modeling of PEMFCs.