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<p>Aluminium–ion and aluminium–air batteries perform as cost-effective and sustainable energy storage systems, but their commercial application remains limited due to challenges such as aluminium anode self-corrosion, slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics, and the use of expensive catalysts. In this study, nitrogen-rich soybean carbon-coated zinc oxide (C-ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized and incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to form a cathode film. The composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis revealed 4.68% nitrogen in the soybean carbon. XRD confirmed crystalline ZnO (peaks at 2 <i>θ</i> = 31.84° to 61.2°) and hexagonal carbon structure (2 <i>θ</i> ≈ 26.32°), with a particle size of 27.41 <i>nm</i>. SEM images showed nanofibrous morphology, and TGA indicated four-stage weight loss with 43.56% residue at 800&#xa0;°C. The particle size by intensity wasobserved to be 169.99&#xa0;nm and has a zeta average of 5.4&#xa0;μm and a polydispersity index of 1. Electrochemical behaviour was studied using cyclic voltammetry, and a prototype aluminium-ion battery was assembled. The battery powered a red LED for 95&#xa0;h continuously at 1.8 <i>V</i> with a 20&#xa0;mA discharge current, achieving 54 mW power. Using 4.38 <i>g</i> aluminium anode and 1.45 <i>g</i> cathode material in 4&#xa0;M KOH, the battery delivered a specific capacity of 326 <i>mAh g⁻¹</i> and energy density of 3243 <i>Whkg⁻¹</i>. This work demonstrates a promising bio-derived cathode approach for aluminium-based batteries.</p>

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Soybean carbon coated zinc oxide nanoparticles as a cathode in aluminium ion battery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Dhanus Kumar Bharathamani,
  • Ravi Subban

摘要

Aluminium–ion and aluminium–air batteries perform as cost-effective and sustainable energy storage systems, but their commercial application remains limited due to challenges such as aluminium anode self-corrosion, slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics, and the use of expensive catalysts. In this study, nitrogen-rich soybean carbon-coated zinc oxide (C-ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized and incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to form a cathode film. The composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis revealed 4.68% nitrogen in the soybean carbon. XRD confirmed crystalline ZnO (peaks at 2 θ = 31.84° to 61.2°) and hexagonal carbon structure (2 θ ≈ 26.32°), with a particle size of 27.41 nm. SEM images showed nanofibrous morphology, and TGA indicated four-stage weight loss with 43.56% residue at 800 °C. The particle size by intensity wasobserved to be 169.99 nm and has a zeta average of 5.4 μm and a polydispersity index of 1. Electrochemical behaviour was studied using cyclic voltammetry, and a prototype aluminium-ion battery was assembled. The battery powered a red LED for 95 h continuously at 1.8 V with a 20 mA discharge current, achieving 54 mW power. Using 4.38 g aluminium anode and 1.45 g cathode material in 4 M KOH, the battery delivered a specific capacity of 326 mAh g⁻¹ and energy density of 3243 Whkg⁻¹. This work demonstrates a promising bio-derived cathode approach for aluminium-based batteries.