Hierarchical porous (NH4)2V4O9 nanosheet clusters as ultrahigh capacity and long lifespan cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries
摘要
Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are regarded as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems owing to their low cost, high inherent safety, and eco-friendliness. However, developing superior cathode materials with long cycle life and high capacity remains a key challenge for the practical application of AZIBs. Herein, we adopt a facile one-step hydrothermal strategy by regulating solution pH to synthesize high-performance three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous ammonium tetravanadate ((NH4)2V4O9) cathode material constructed from interlaced nanosheet clusters for AZIBs. The morphological evolution of (NH4)2V4O9 is driven by the solution pH (3.5, 4.5 and 5.5), where 1D nanorods are initially formed, followed by the self-assembly of 2D nanosheets into 3D clusters and finally the random aggregation of nanosheets with uneven dispersion. At an optimal pH of 4.5, the as-prepared hierarchical porous (NH4)2V4O9 nanosheet clusters feature a large specific surface area of 35.4 m2 g− 1, which effectively mitigates volume expansion/contraction, provides abundant Zn2+ storage sites, and shortens ion diffusion pathways. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the (NH4)2V4O9 nanosheet clusters exhibits an ultrahigh discharge capacity of 448.7 mAh g− 1 at 0.1 A g− 1, along with excellent cycling stability—retaining 97.4% capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g− 1 and 90.1% capacity over 8000 cycles at an ultrahigh current density of 15 A g− 1, benefiting from the capacitive-dominated reaction kinetics, good reversibility of Zn2+ (de)intercalation, as well as fast charge transfer and Zn2+ diffusion ability. This work provides a feasible pH-dependent morphological design strategy for fabricating high-capacity and long-lifespan (NH4)2V4O9 cathodes for AZIBs.