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<p>The multifunctional cerium oxide/Ceria (CeO₂) that finds extensive use in energy, catalysis, optical, and biological applications because of its high oxygen storage capacity, defect-tolerant fluorite structure, and reversible Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox pair. Nevertheless, its instability under decreasing conditions and restricted ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures limit its wider use. The most successful method for improving functionality is doping with rare-earth (RE) elements like Sm, Gd, La, Nd, and Dy. This is done by adjusting lattice distortions and adding charge-compensating oxygen vacancies. The selection of the dopant has a significant impact on vacancy mobility, structural stability, and performance: La improves oxygen storage and catalytic activity, Nd and Dy allow band gap modulation, dielectric enhancements, and multifunctional behavior, while Gd and Sm maximize ionic conductivity in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) electrolytes. When it comes to dopant inclusion and defect chemistry, the synthesis method is crucial. Sol-gel, hydrothermal, and combustion procedures offer better uniformity than solid-state pathways, while new green syntheses offer sustainable substitutes. For the correlation between synthesis, defect structure, and functional attributes, structural and microstructural characterization employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, Scanning Electron Microscope / Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM/TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is essential. Even with advancements, problems with dopant solubility, defect clustering, long-term stability, scalable manufacturing, and biocompatibility still exist. Prospects for the future include better in-situ characterisation to inform logical design, scalable green synthesis, interface engineering, and co-doping. Through a comparative framework, this review offers insights into how various RE dopants and synthesis approaches influence the structure–property–application nexus in ceria, paving the way for next-generation biological, environmental, and energy applications.</p>

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Rare-earth doped ceria: Comparative insights into synthesis, defect engineering, and functional applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Sanchit Kumar,
  • Prakash Chandra Arya,
  • Chaitali Mondal,
  • Ankurava Sinha

摘要

The multifunctional cerium oxide/Ceria (CeO₂) that finds extensive use in energy, catalysis, optical, and biological applications because of its high oxygen storage capacity, defect-tolerant fluorite structure, and reversible Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ redox pair. Nevertheless, its instability under decreasing conditions and restricted ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures limit its wider use. The most successful method for improving functionality is doping with rare-earth (RE) elements like Sm, Gd, La, Nd, and Dy. This is done by adjusting lattice distortions and adding charge-compensating oxygen vacancies. The selection of the dopant has a significant impact on vacancy mobility, structural stability, and performance: La improves oxygen storage and catalytic activity, Nd and Dy allow band gap modulation, dielectric enhancements, and multifunctional behavior, while Gd and Sm maximize ionic conductivity in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) electrolytes. When it comes to dopant inclusion and defect chemistry, the synthesis method is crucial. Sol-gel, hydrothermal, and combustion procedures offer better uniformity than solid-state pathways, while new green syntheses offer sustainable substitutes. For the correlation between synthesis, defect structure, and functional attributes, structural and microstructural characterization employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, Scanning Electron Microscope / Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM/TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is essential. Even with advancements, problems with dopant solubility, defect clustering, long-term stability, scalable manufacturing, and biocompatibility still exist. Prospects for the future include better in-situ characterisation to inform logical design, scalable green synthesis, interface engineering, and co-doping. Through a comparative framework, this review offers insights into how various RE dopants and synthesis approaches influence the structure–property–application nexus in ceria, paving the way for next-generation biological, environmental, and energy applications.