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<p>Hydrothermal carbon (HTC) made from leftover lemon peel extract was used to create high-performance supercapacitor (Sc) electrodes in a sustainable manner. Lemon extract was used as a natural reducing agent, and HTC was used as a porous and conductive base for making Ag<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>/Ag/TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on the spot. Microscopy (FE-SEM and HR-TEM) showed that the nanoparticles were spread out evenly, and structure tests (XRD, FTIR, and XPS) confirmed that the composite was properly made. BET and AFM found high surface area and nanoscale roughness, which improved electrochemical activity. The electrode in a three-electrode system showed clear signs of pseudocapacitive behaviour, with low charge transfer resistance from EIS, nonlinear GCD curves, and CV responses controlled by redox. Attaining a specific capacitance of 281.54&#xa0;F g⁻¹, the nanocomposite maintained 97.89% after 10,000 cycles. These findings demonstrate an Ag₃PO₄/Ag/TiO₂/HTC electrode that is environmentally friendly, and long-lasting, making it appropriate for sophisticated Sc applications.</p>

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Sustainable in-situ synthesis of Ag3PO4/Ag/TiO2-carbon nanocomposites from citrus peel extract for energy applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • N. Dhivya,
  • P. Maadeswaran,
  • K. Balaji,
  • K. A. RameshKumar

摘要

Hydrothermal carbon (HTC) made from leftover lemon peel extract was used to create high-performance supercapacitor (Sc) electrodes in a sustainable manner. Lemon extract was used as a natural reducing agent, and HTC was used as a porous and conductive base for making Ag3PO4/Ag/TiO2 nanoparticles on the spot. Microscopy (FE-SEM and HR-TEM) showed that the nanoparticles were spread out evenly, and structure tests (XRD, FTIR, and XPS) confirmed that the composite was properly made. BET and AFM found high surface area and nanoscale roughness, which improved electrochemical activity. The electrode in a three-electrode system showed clear signs of pseudocapacitive behaviour, with low charge transfer resistance from EIS, nonlinear GCD curves, and CV responses controlled by redox. Attaining a specific capacitance of 281.54 F g⁻¹, the nanocomposite maintained 97.89% after 10,000 cycles. These findings demonstrate an Ag₃PO₄/Ag/TiO₂/HTC electrode that is environmentally friendly, and long-lasting, making it appropriate for sophisticated Sc applications.