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<p>In this study, binder-free cobalt–nickel phosphate (CNP) battery-type electrodes were prepared using a sonochemical-assisted chemical bath deposition (S-CBD) approach, with key parameters optimized through Design of Experiments (DoE). By comparing it with the conventional CBD process, ultrasonic treatment improved precursor dispersion and nucleation efficiency, leading to the formation of uniform nanosheet structures. A series of CNP electrodes with varying sonication times, amplitudes, and Co:Ni ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) were synthesized and systematically evaluated for their electrochemical performance. Among them, the Co3Ni1P (Co:Ni = 3:1) electrode under optimized conditions (sonication time of 50&#xa0;min and amplitude of 51.6%) demonstrated the most outstanding electrochemical performance, delivering a high specific capacity of 877.8 C/g at 3 A/g, and exhibiting the lowest charge transfer resistance of 0.3 Ω. Furthermore, it showed high electrochemical stability with 87.1% retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g. Accordingly, an asymmetric device, Co3Ni1P//AC supercapattery, was assembled and sustained 83.5% of its initial capacity at 10 A/g after 5000 cycles. The energy density (E<sub>S</sub>) reached 74.1 Wh/kg. The enhanced performance was attributed to its interconnected nanosheet morphology and the synergistic redox activity of Co and Ni species, which together promote efficient ion diffusion and increase the number of accessible active sites. These findings underscore the potential of S-CBD synthesis combined with statistical optimization for developing high-performance energy storage devices.</p>

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Optimizing the formulation of binder-free cobalt–nickel phosphate battery-type electrode via sonochemical-assisted chemical bath deposition approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月15日

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  • Qiqi Lei,
  • Ong Gerard,
  • Xiaoying Guo,
  • M. Pershaanaa,
  • Haoyu Wu,
  • S. Ramesh,
  • K. Ramesh

摘要

In this study, binder-free cobalt–nickel phosphate (CNP) battery-type electrodes were prepared using a sonochemical-assisted chemical bath deposition (S-CBD) approach, with key parameters optimized through Design of Experiments (DoE). By comparing it with the conventional CBD process, ultrasonic treatment improved precursor dispersion and nucleation efficiency, leading to the formation of uniform nanosheet structures. A series of CNP electrodes with varying sonication times, amplitudes, and Co:Ni ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) were synthesized and systematically evaluated for their electrochemical performance. Among them, the Co3Ni1P (Co:Ni = 3:1) electrode under optimized conditions (sonication time of 50 min and amplitude of 51.6%) demonstrated the most outstanding electrochemical performance, delivering a high specific capacity of 877.8 C/g at 3 A/g, and exhibiting the lowest charge transfer resistance of 0.3 Ω. Furthermore, it showed high electrochemical stability with 87.1% retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g. Accordingly, an asymmetric device, Co3Ni1P//AC supercapattery, was assembled and sustained 83.5% of its initial capacity at 10 A/g after 5000 cycles. The energy density (ES) reached 74.1 Wh/kg. The enhanced performance was attributed to its interconnected nanosheet morphology and the synergistic redox activity of Co and Ni species, which together promote efficient ion diffusion and increase the number of accessible active sites. These findings underscore the potential of S-CBD synthesis combined with statistical optimization for developing high-performance energy storage devices.