Lithium-ion mobility in NASICON LATP solid electrolytes: understanding the role of La3+ doping
摘要
A novel conducting lithium NASICON series Li1.3+xAl0.3LaxTi1.7-x(PO4)3 (LALTP), with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, has been prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction route at 900 °C. The prepared samples have been characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Impedance Spectroscopy (IS). In these compounds, the effect of the partial substitution of Ti4+ by trivalent La3+ and Al3+ cations, on structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties of NASICON phases has been investigated. In NASICON phases, structural refinements showed that the maximum amount of trivalent (La + Al)3+ cations remains below 0.4/structural formula, being Al3+ miscibility against Ti4+ higher than that of La3+. In Al and La-richer samples, secondary AlPO4 and LaPO4 phases were detected in XRD patterns and SEM images. The distribution of Al3+ and La3+ was analyzed by 27Al and 31P MAS-NMR spectroscopy. The maximum conductivity ~ 1.9 × 10−3 S·cm−1 and the minimum activation energy ~ 0.37 eV were obtained in the Li1.5Al0.3La0.2Ti1.5(PO4)3 sample, which is a good candidate for solid electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries (ASSB). The 6Li MAS-NMR spectroscopy showed that lithium mobility decreases when the La content increases above 0.1 value. The presence of two “bulk” conductivities was associated with chemical heterogeneity at the external surfaces of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 NASICON particles. The formation of small LaPO4 at the particle surface improved the ceramic microstructure, enhancing “overall” conductivity of ceramic pellets.
Graphical Abstract