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<p>Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers an eco-friendly approach to generate hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) fuel using solar energy, enabling renewable energy production without carbon emissions. Herein, an efficient photoanode for the conversion of H<sub>2</sub>O into H<sub>2</sub> is prepared by implanting Cu nanoparticles on vacancy-rich TiO<sub>2</sub> nanorod arrays (NRAs). The unique structure of TiO<sub>2</sub> NRAs provides a high surface area and direct charge transport pathways, which are critical for enhancing PEC efficiency. The TiO<sub>2</sub> with rich oxygen vacancies facilitates charge carrier diffusion and reveals a significant rise of photo-generated carriers due to the reduced bandgap. Besides, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Cu greatly improved the visible-light harvesting capacity. At 1.23&#xa0;V vs. RHE under 300 W Xe lamp illumination, Cu/def-TiO<sub>2</sub> achieves a maximum photocurrent density of 1.90&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> in 0.1&#xa0;M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, representing a 2.3-fold enhancement compared to pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>. This work explains the mechanism of the synergistic effect of Cu and oxygen vacancies to improve PEC performance, offering novel insights for designing high-performance photoanodes.</p>

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Cu nanoparticles decorated vacancy-rich TiO2 for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月11日

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  • Zicheng Huang,
  • Yulun Xie,
  • Yuedong Guo,
  • Heng Wu

摘要

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers an eco-friendly approach to generate hydrogen (H2) fuel using solar energy, enabling renewable energy production without carbon emissions. Herein, an efficient photoanode for the conversion of H2O into H2 is prepared by implanting Cu nanoparticles on vacancy-rich TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs). The unique structure of TiO2 NRAs provides a high surface area and direct charge transport pathways, which are critical for enhancing PEC efficiency. The TiO2 with rich oxygen vacancies facilitates charge carrier diffusion and reveals a significant rise of photo-generated carriers due to the reduced bandgap. Besides, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Cu greatly improved the visible-light harvesting capacity. At 1.23 V vs. RHE under 300 W Xe lamp illumination, Cu/def-TiO2 achieves a maximum photocurrent density of 1.90 mA cm−2 in 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution, representing a 2.3-fold enhancement compared to pristine TiO2. This work explains the mechanism of the synergistic effect of Cu and oxygen vacancies to improve PEC performance, offering novel insights for designing high-performance photoanodes.