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<p>The rapid advancement of lithium-ion batteries highlights the critical importance of mechanical behavior in determining battery life and safety. This study presents an electrochemical-thermal–mechanical (ETM) coupling model based on layer-wise (LW) theory to investigate the effect of spatial stress non-uniformity on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. The proposed model extends the existing framework by applying layer-wise (LW) theory at the cell level. It provides a detailed description of the battery structure while efficiently capturing the interactions between the expansion of multiple electrode layers. The model analyzes strain and stress distributions across different layers, focusing on how these factors influence the electrochemical properties of multilayer electrodes. The results reveal that the absolute strain of each component follows the order: negative electrode &gt; separator &gt; positive electrode &gt; collector, with strain increasing from the inner to the outer layers. This strain characteristic significantly impacts the solid and liquid phase volume fractions within the electrodes. Furthermore, different component arrangements lead to variations in the stress distribution inside the battery. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing battery structural design and addressing load-related challenges.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A multi-scale electrochemical-thermal–mechanical coupling model for lithium-ion batteries based on layer-wise theory and its stress–strain impact analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月8日

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  • Peichao Li,
  • Shixing Bai,
  • Xiaoqiang Zhang,
  • Dongxu Zuo,
  • Hengyun Zhang

摘要

The rapid advancement of lithium-ion batteries highlights the critical importance of mechanical behavior in determining battery life and safety. This study presents an electrochemical-thermal–mechanical (ETM) coupling model based on layer-wise (LW) theory to investigate the effect of spatial stress non-uniformity on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. The proposed model extends the existing framework by applying layer-wise (LW) theory at the cell level. It provides a detailed description of the battery structure while efficiently capturing the interactions between the expansion of multiple electrode layers. The model analyzes strain and stress distributions across different layers, focusing on how these factors influence the electrochemical properties of multilayer electrodes. The results reveal that the absolute strain of each component follows the order: negative electrode > separator > positive electrode > collector, with strain increasing from the inner to the outer layers. This strain characteristic significantly impacts the solid and liquid phase volume fractions within the electrodes. Furthermore, different component arrangements lead to variations in the stress distribution inside the battery. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing battery structural design and addressing load-related challenges.

Graphical Abstract