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<p>Hard carbon is often used as anode material for sodium-ion batteries, which is the most promising technology route for large-scale energy storage due to its renewable raw material and adjustable structure. The energy storage performance is closely related to the precursor properties. Herein, poplar biomass was used as the precursor to prepare hard carbon materials, and the effects of carbonization temperature and acid washing on the microstructure of the materials and their energy storage performance were systematically investigated. High-temperature carbonization and acid washing, pore changes and oxygen-containing functional group removal, which in turn affects the platform capacity, while the change of interlayer spacings affects the slope capacity as well as the diffusion rate. The material exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 258 mAhg<sup>−1</sup> at a current density of 0.1C with a charge/discharge Coulombic efficiency of 94.6% at 1500&#xa0;°C carbonization temperature combined with the acid washing. This study provides a theoretical basis for such design by modulating the structure of biomass-derived hard carbon materials through carbonization temperature and acid washing.</p>

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Performance differences under diverse conditions for poplar-derived hard carbon materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Yangshuo Xu,
  • Yefeng Feng,
  • Weizheng Song,
  • Runsheng Xu,
  • Shiwen Gan,
  • Zuyong Feng,
  • Deping Xiong,
  • Miao He

摘要

Hard carbon is often used as anode material for sodium-ion batteries, which is the most promising technology route for large-scale energy storage due to its renewable raw material and adjustable structure. The energy storage performance is closely related to the precursor properties. Herein, poplar biomass was used as the precursor to prepare hard carbon materials, and the effects of carbonization temperature and acid washing on the microstructure of the materials and their energy storage performance were systematically investigated. High-temperature carbonization and acid washing, pore changes and oxygen-containing functional group removal, which in turn affects the platform capacity, while the change of interlayer spacings affects the slope capacity as well as the diffusion rate. The material exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 258 mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.1C with a charge/discharge Coulombic efficiency of 94.6% at 1500 °C carbonization temperature combined with the acid washing. This study provides a theoretical basis for such design by modulating the structure of biomass-derived hard carbon materials through carbonization temperature and acid washing.