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<p>WO<sub>3</sub>:Ti (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%) thin films prepared by nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique for assessing their gas sensing capabilities. . WO<sub>3</sub>:Ti thin films exhibited a hexagonal crystal arrangement with no additional phases confirming substitutional doping. The crystallite size was found to generally increase with increasing dopant concentration. The lattice parameter generally&#xa0;increased along the preferential <i>c</i> direction with an increase in dopant concentration correlating to the larger ionic radii of the dopant compared with the host W ions. The FESEM images show a uniform distribution of agglomerated nanoparticles in a mesh-like structure with enhanced porosity with Ti doping. The UV–Vis spectroscopy showed the transmittance to decrease with increasing dopant concentration. The band gap was calculated from the Tauc plot. Doping with Ti caused a reduction in the band gap of WO<sub>3</sub>:Ti thin films with WO<sub>3</sub>:Ti (3%) thin film exhibiting a band gap of 2.25&#xa0;eV compared to 2.89&#xa0;eV demonstrated by pristine WO<sub>3</sub> thin film. Photoluminescence studies showed prominent emission lines in the visible region corresponding to a large number of oxygen vacancies and the possible reduction of W from + 6 oxidation state to + 5 and + 4 oxidation states. The WO<sub>3</sub>:Ti (3%) gas sensor showed a response of 888 to 250&#xa0;ppm ammonia gas concentration due to the spillover effect of doping with Ti with a response time of 18&#xa0;s and a recovery time of 7&#xa0;s with a significant target gas response against ammonia over medium and high target gas concentrations. The sensor showed selectivity to ammonia over VOCs against which it was tested. The sensor also showed a direct relationship with relative humidity, enabling calibration against relative humidity in the environment where the measurements are done. The sensor also showed good stability characteristics, making WO<sub>3</sub>:Ti (3%) a material of choice for ammonia gas sensing applications.</p>

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Room-temperature ammonia gas sensor based on Ti-doped WO3 thin film prepared by nebulizer spray pyrolysis method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月6日

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  • Sivaramakrishnan Subramanian,
  • Karupputhevar Neyvasagam,
  • Nirexia Shree,
  • V. Ganesh

摘要

WO3:Ti (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%) thin films prepared by nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique for assessing their gas sensing capabilities. . WO3:Ti thin films exhibited a hexagonal crystal arrangement with no additional phases confirming substitutional doping. The crystallite size was found to generally increase with increasing dopant concentration. The lattice parameter generally increased along the preferential c direction with an increase in dopant concentration correlating to the larger ionic radii of the dopant compared with the host W ions. The FESEM images show a uniform distribution of agglomerated nanoparticles in a mesh-like structure with enhanced porosity with Ti doping. The UV–Vis spectroscopy showed the transmittance to decrease with increasing dopant concentration. The band gap was calculated from the Tauc plot. Doping with Ti caused a reduction in the band gap of WO3:Ti thin films with WO3:Ti (3%) thin film exhibiting a band gap of 2.25 eV compared to 2.89 eV demonstrated by pristine WO3 thin film. Photoluminescence studies showed prominent emission lines in the visible region corresponding to a large number of oxygen vacancies and the possible reduction of W from + 6 oxidation state to + 5 and + 4 oxidation states. The WO3:Ti (3%) gas sensor showed a response of 888 to 250 ppm ammonia gas concentration due to the spillover effect of doping with Ti with a response time of 18 s and a recovery time of 7 s with a significant target gas response against ammonia over medium and high target gas concentrations. The sensor showed selectivity to ammonia over VOCs against which it was tested. The sensor also showed a direct relationship with relative humidity, enabling calibration against relative humidity in the environment where the measurements are done. The sensor also showed good stability characteristics, making WO3:Ti (3%) a material of choice for ammonia gas sensing applications.