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<p>Increasing the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been one of the most challenging tasks in the past few decades. Among the vital components of DSSC, the semiconductor photoanode plays a significant role and its morphology is quite decisive in ascertaining its light-trapping ability. In the present work, the morphology of TiO<sub>2</sub> has been modified using a natural capping agent, <i>Vitex negundo</i> leaves extract, in its sol–gel synthesis. The as-synthesized TiO<sub>2</sub> was studied using UV–vis spectroscopy, confirming the alteration in band-gap energy of TiO<sub>2</sub>. HRMS and FT-IR studies revealed the constituents present and the functional groups respectively. XRD, HRTEM, and SAED pattern analysis established the formation of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles in anatase form. XPS analysis confirmed the electronic state and chemical integrity of the synthesized TiO<sub>2.</sub> BET analysis revealed the surface area, average pore diameter, and average pore volume. Further, EIS studies demonstrated that the DSSC with capped TiO<sub>2</sub> having 50% of <i>VN</i> leaves extract as the capping agent comprised lower resistive path for electron flow and higher electron lifetime. Photovoltaic studies revealed <i>J</i><sub>sc</sub> (6.48&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup>), <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> (0.46&#xa0;V), and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11581_2025_6417_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text{efficiency }\eta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>efficiency</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>η</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (2.04%) for the capped sample, which was much improved in comparison to the uncapped TiO<sub>2</sub> with an efficiency of 0.95%. The stability test showed around 13% reduction in initially obtained current over the testing period.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) using Vitex Negundo (Nirgundi) leaf extract potentially leading to improved efficiency in DSSC

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月31日

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  • Himanshu Patel,
  • Sakshi Singh,
  • Nikhil Srivastav,
  • Yoganand Singh,
  • Pankaj Srivastava

摘要

Increasing the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been one of the most challenging tasks in the past few decades. Among the vital components of DSSC, the semiconductor photoanode plays a significant role and its morphology is quite decisive in ascertaining its light-trapping ability. In the present work, the morphology of TiO2 has been modified using a natural capping agent, Vitex negundo leaves extract, in its sol–gel synthesis. The as-synthesized TiO2 was studied using UV–vis spectroscopy, confirming the alteration in band-gap energy of TiO2. HRMS and FT-IR studies revealed the constituents present and the functional groups respectively. XRD, HRTEM, and SAED pattern analysis established the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles in anatase form. XPS analysis confirmed the electronic state and chemical integrity of the synthesized TiO2. BET analysis revealed the surface area, average pore diameter, and average pore volume. Further, EIS studies demonstrated that the DSSC with capped TiO2 having 50% of VN leaves extract as the capping agent comprised lower resistive path for electron flow and higher electron lifetime. Photovoltaic studies revealed Jsc (6.48 mA/cm2), Voc (0.46 V), and \(\text{efficiency }\eta\) efficiency η (2.04%) for the capped sample, which was much improved in comparison to the uncapped TiO2 with an efficiency of 0.95%. The stability test showed around 13% reduction in initially obtained current over the testing period.

Graphical Abstract