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<p>Electrochemical measurements of pharmaceutical products, such as the antibacterial and anthelminthic drug bithionol, are crucial due to their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. In this context, the study introduces the fabrication and application of a 3D-printed sensor made from carbon black/polylactic acid conductive filament, electrochemically activated for bithionol detection. The proposed sensor features a simple cylindrical design with an accessible fabrication process, enabling rapid production (~ 17&#xa0;min), quick electrochemical activation (~ 400&#xa0;s), and low cost (~ USD 0.10). It demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.260 µA µmol L<sup>−1</sup> and detection limit of 11.54&#xa0;nmol L<sup>−1</sup>. Moreover, the sensor facilitated the determination of bithionol in environmental and clinical samples, such as river water and synthetic urine, without the need for sample pre-treatment. The selectivity obtained was satisfactory in the presence of organic compounds, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.3%. The results highlight the effectiveness of 3D printing technology with rapid surface treatment in studying the electrochemical behavior of BTL, which is antibacterial, anthelminthic, and anticancer on the sensor’s surface. Thus, the study underscores the significance of 3D technology in electrochemical analyses of bithionol, paving the way for low-cost, high-sensitivity detection platforms for monitoring this pharmaceutical in various matrices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Cylindrical 3D-printed electrode based on carbon black and polylactic acid: an approach for electrochemical detection of the bithionol drug

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月14日

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  • Francisco Walison Lima Silva,
  • Beatriz Rodrigues Freire,
  • Claudio Sabbatini Capella Lopes,
  • Fernanda Davi Marques,
  • Braulio Soares Archanjo,
  • Emerson Schwingel Ribeiro,
  • Ricardo Erthal Santelli,
  • Fernando Henrique Cincotto

摘要

Electrochemical measurements of pharmaceutical products, such as the antibacterial and anthelminthic drug bithionol, are crucial due to their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. In this context, the study introduces the fabrication and application of a 3D-printed sensor made from carbon black/polylactic acid conductive filament, electrochemically activated for bithionol detection. The proposed sensor features a simple cylindrical design with an accessible fabrication process, enabling rapid production (~ 17 min), quick electrochemical activation (~ 400 s), and low cost (~ USD 0.10). It demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.260 µA µmol L−1 and detection limit of 11.54 nmol L−1. Moreover, the sensor facilitated the determination of bithionol in environmental and clinical samples, such as river water and synthetic urine, without the need for sample pre-treatment. The selectivity obtained was satisfactory in the presence of organic compounds, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.3%. The results highlight the effectiveness of 3D printing technology with rapid surface treatment in studying the electrochemical behavior of BTL, which is antibacterial, anthelminthic, and anticancer on the sensor’s surface. Thus, the study underscores the significance of 3D technology in electrochemical analyses of bithionol, paving the way for low-cost, high-sensitivity detection platforms for monitoring this pharmaceutical in various matrices.

Graphical abstract