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<p>The development of low-temperature graphitization methods for biomass-derived carbon is critical for sustainable lithium-ion battery anodes. Herein, we propose a MgCl<sub>2</sub>–NaCl–KCl molten salt system exploiting the bifunctional role of Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Mg to achieve graphitization at 750&#xa0;°C. The strong oxygen affinity of Mg<sup>2+</sup> synergizes with electrochemical polarization to rapidly deoxygenate carbon surfaces, while Mg deposition catalyzes the conversion of SiO<sub>2</sub> impurities to conductive SiC (via SiO<sub>2</sub> + 2&#xa0;Mg → Si + 2MgO; Si + C → SiC) and promotes carbon rearrangement. The resulting graphite/SiC composite exhibits enhanced crystallinity (27% graphitization degree) and electrochemical performance, delivering a capacity of 198 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.1 A g<sup>−1</sup> and retaining 70.2% capacity after 6000 cycles. In summary, this study fully exploited the strong bonding capability of Mg<sup>2+</sup> with oxygen and the reduction and catalytic properties of deposited Mg. This dual-functional role not only significantly reduced the required temperature for the reaction process (750&#xa0;°C) but also maintained the graphitization process of biomass-derived carbon at high temperatures (&gt; 750&#xa0;°C). This method provides a low-cost, low-energy-consumption pathway for the high-value-added application of biomass-derived hard carbon materials in lithium-ion battery graphite anodes.&#xa0;</p>

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Molten salt Mg2+/Mg bifunctional system for enhancing graphitization of low-temperature biomass-derived carbon

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月22日

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  • Fan Wang,
  • Yuxin Wang,
  • Ziheng Guan,
  • Junjie Wei,
  • Shengliang He,
  • Zhen Zhong,
  • Hao Chen,
  • Peizhong Feng

摘要

The development of low-temperature graphitization methods for biomass-derived carbon is critical for sustainable lithium-ion battery anodes. Herein, we propose a MgCl2–NaCl–KCl molten salt system exploiting the bifunctional role of Mg2+/Mg to achieve graphitization at 750 °C. The strong oxygen affinity of Mg2+ synergizes with electrochemical polarization to rapidly deoxygenate carbon surfaces, while Mg deposition catalyzes the conversion of SiO2 impurities to conductive SiC (via SiO2 + 2 Mg → Si + 2MgO; Si + C → SiC) and promotes carbon rearrangement. The resulting graphite/SiC composite exhibits enhanced crystallinity (27% graphitization degree) and electrochemical performance, delivering a capacity of 198 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and retaining 70.2% capacity after 6000 cycles. In summary, this study fully exploited the strong bonding capability of Mg2+ with oxygen and the reduction and catalytic properties of deposited Mg. This dual-functional role not only significantly reduced the required temperature for the reaction process (750 °C) but also maintained the graphitization process of biomass-derived carbon at high temperatures (> 750 °C). This method provides a low-cost, low-energy-consumption pathway for the high-value-added application of biomass-derived hard carbon materials in lithium-ion battery graphite anodes.